الفهرس 
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder that is defined by the American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ASPAD) as a result of the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. This destruction is facilitated by the involvement of autoreactive T cells, which play a crucial role in the process. Additionally, T1DM is characterized by the presence of islet autoantibodies. The subsequent occurrence of hyperglycemia necessitates the implementation of lifelong insulin replacement treatment.
Monocytes are a type of circulating cells with a relatively brief lifespan. They play a crucial role in the inflammatory response through both direct mechanisms and their ability to differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells originate from the common myeloid progenitor located in the bone marrow and are subsequently released into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, they can be categorised into three distinct subsets, namely classical, non-classical, and intermediate monocytes.
The human monocyte population can be categorised into three primary subsets, namely classical, non-classical, and intermediate. Each of these populations exhibits distinct characteristics, including the expression of unique surface markers and their involvement in maintaining homeostasis and contributing to the development of diseases.
Intermediate monocytes represent a transitional stage in the differentiation process between classical and non-classical monocytes, and are primarily involved in the presentation of antigens to other components of the immune system.
Monocytes fulfil crucial functions in the context of antigen presentation and cytokine production, which are essential for the establishment of an appropriate immune response. Consequently, they are heavily involved in the advancement and evolution of autoimmune disorders, and their levels are notably elevated in individuals diagnosed with juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
Aim of the study:
The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of intermediate monocyte levels on the development of recent onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
The study was carried out on a sample of 65 cases, which were divided into two groups: 25 control cases and 40 children with type I diabetes who received regular follow-up care at the Paediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of Minia University Children and Maternity Hospital.
All children have been subject to:
The comprehensive historical account, thorough clinical assessment, and meticulous laboratory investigation are essential components of the academic approach to understanding a subject matter.
The main results of the study:
In our investigation, no statistically significant disparities were seen between the two groups under examination with regards to demographic characteristics. This statement elucidates that there is no long-term impact on those with newly developed Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).
Statistically significant differences were identified between the cases and control groups in terms of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterised by an autoimmune process that specifically targets and destroys the beta cells located in the pancreas. The presence of insulin antibodies shown to be beneficial in the diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). The two most commonly identified autoantibodies are the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65kDa (GAD) antibody and insulin autoantibodies (IAA). In this investigation, we observed that anti-GAD antibodies were present in 31 children (77.5%), while insulin autoantibodies were detected in 25 children (62.5%).
In this study, we have provided evidence that the levels of CD14, CD16++ (NK), and CD14+/CD16+ were found to be considerably elevated in individuals with positive Anti-GAD antibody compared to those with negative Anti-GAD antibody.
Statistically significant differences were seen in the cases group compared to the control group for the expression levels of CD14, CD16++ (NK), and CD14+/CD16+.