الفهرس 
Abstract
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Abstract
The recent investigation was concentrated on two field experiments in order to obtain the highly productivity from two important vegetables under protected conditions (greenhouse); cucumber and tomato. Both experiments were performed in a greenhouse at private farm in ”Awlad Al-Sharif” village in Dirout city, Assiut Governorate, Egypt, among 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) were used as plant material in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
The 1st experiment (cucumber experiment)
Treatments were arranged in split plot design in both seasons with three replicates. Seedling dates (D1 & D2) was put in the main plot. While, foliar treatments (9 foliar applications) were laid out in the sub-main plot with 3 replicates. Cucumber seeds (cv. Barracuda F1 hybrid) were sown in the 1st of Nov., at the 1st season of (2019/2020) and at 15 Nov., and in the 2nd season of (2020/2021), respectively.
Cucumber plants were sprayed twice at 15 day intervals with nine treatments as following:
1. Spraying with distilled water (Control)
2. Spraying with Algae extract at rate of 2 gm/m3
3. Spraying with Algae extract at a rate of 3 gm/m3
4. Spraying with Moringa extract at rate of 5%
5. Spraying with Moringa extract at rate of 10%
6. Spraying with Fulvic acid at rate of 2 gm/m3
7. Spraying with Fulvic acid at a rate of 3 gm/m3
8. Spraying with Mepiquat chloride at rate of 0.5 ml/L
9. Spraying with Mepiquat chloride at a rate of 1 ml/L
The obtained results of this study could be summarized as follow:
1. Plant height (cm)
1) Mean value of plant height due to early seedlings date (D1) gave the highest value in comparison to the 2nd seedlings date (D2) in both seasons. The 1st seedlings date (D1) significantly increased plant height by (3.82% & 4.43 %) over the 2nd date (D2) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
2) Main effects of treatments (B) recorded significant effects of all foliar application treatments compared to the control treatment in (T1).
3) Foliar application of Algae extract at a rate of 3 gm/m3 (T3) gave the maximum value of plant height (188.9 & 196.2 cm) compared to the control (179.1 &171.5) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The increase percentage in plant height due to Algae extract (T3) at a rate of 3 gm / m3 (T3) was (5.47 % &24.7%) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
4) Moringa extract significantly increased cucumber plant height either in less (5%) or in high (10%) concentration by (10.33 & 13.33%) over the control (T1) in the 1st season, respectively. While the increase reached (10.23% & 12.26%) over the control (T1) in the 2nd season, respectively.
5) The obtained results show that foliar application of fulvic acid significantly increased the mean values of cucumber plant height (cm) compared to the control.
6) Data stated that high dose of Mepiquat chloride in (T9) surpassed T8 in plant height by (2.91% & 3.73%) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
7) Interaction results concluded that the application of algae extract at a rate of 3 gm/m3 (T3) gave the maximum values of plant height (191.3 & 199.6 cm) the 1st seedling date (D1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The increase percentage in plant height reached (24.54% & 27.13%) over the control in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
8) In summary, cucumber plant heights were significantly affected by seedling date and all foliar application under the study; algae extract, Moringa extract, fulvic acid and Mepiquat chloride. Cultivation cucumber plants early (seeding at 11 Nov. and seedling at 25 Nov.) under greenhouse and spraying it by algae extract at a rate of 3 gm/m3 (T3) gave the maximum value of plant height.
2. Fruit setting
1) Observations revealed that fruit setting were significantly increased by (4.50% & 5.19%) due to early seedling date (D1) compared to the 2nd seedling date in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) Main effects of foliar application treatments (B) recorded significant effects of foliar application treatment on fruit setting compared to the control treatment (T1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The maximum values of cucumber fruit setting were obtained as results of foliar application of algae extract (T3) in both seasons. It significantly increased fruit setting by (67.15% & 69.78%) compared to control treatment in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
3) The increase percentage in fruit setting recorded (24.01%& 37.08%) and (28.98% & 35.90%) over the control treatment (T1) as a result of foliar application of Moringa extract in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
4) Fulvic acid at (2gm/m3) in (T6) and (3gm/m3) in (T7) increased fruit setting by (55.93% & 59.07%) and (59.07% &58.24%) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
5) Moreover, results recorded that foliar application of Mepiquat chloride either at the 1st dose (0.5ml/l) in (T8) or at the 2nd dose (1.0ml/l) in (T9) gave values lesser than the other treatments.
6) Fruit setting was clearly affected by this interaction under all seedlings date. The interactions reveal that treating the early cultivated cucumber plants (D1) with algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 (T3) recorded the maximum increase in fruit setting compared to all other treatment under the study in the 1st and 2nd season.
3. Fruit length (cm)
1) Data demonstrated in table (3) stated that main values of fruit length for cucumber plants were not significantly affected by seedlings date (A) under the study in both seasons.
2) Main effects of treatments (B) recorded insignificant impacts of foliar application of all foliar treatments on mean fruit length except fulvic acid (T7) and Mepiquat chloride (T8& T9) compared to the control treatment (T1). Data show clearly that the maximum value of fruit length was obtained due to foliar application by fulvic acid (3gm/m3) in (T7). The increase in fruit length reached (14.22% & 14.81%) compared to the control treatment (T1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
3) Interaction effects between seedling days and foliar application revealed that fulvic acid at a rate of 3 gm/m3 (T7) gave the maximum fruit length (12.73 cm under (D1) and (12.74 & 13.00 cm) under (D1 & D2) in the 2nd season compared with the control treatment (T1) treatments.
4. Fruit diameter (cm)
1) Fruit diameter (cm) insignificantly affected by seedling dates in the 1st and 2nd, respectively.
2) Foliar application of all foliar treatments significantly increased mean fruit diameter (cm) compared to the control in (T1) in both seasons.
3) The increase in fruit diameter due to spraying cucumber plants by algae extract, Moringa extract, fulvic acid and Mepiquat chloride in both seasons.
4) The increase percentage in fruit diameter due to foliar application of Algae extract (T3) were (7.53% & 8.64%) over the control in (T1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. While the increase in (T4) reached (4.86%& 5.98%) over the control in (T1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
5) Spraying Moringa extract at 5% concentration (T5) increased fruit diameter by (13.49%& 13.32%) in the 1st season. While, the increase due to Moringa extract at 10% concentration (T6) were (13.01%& 11.87%) over the control in the 2nd season.
6) Foliar application with fulvic acid (T7) twice after transplanting at a rate of 3 mg / m3 (T7) gave the highest values of fruit diameter (2.908 & 2.987 cm) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The increase percentage in fruit diameter due to foliar application with fulvic acid (T7) recorded (17.88% & 18.44%) over the control in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
7) Obtained results indicated also, that Mepiquat chloride significantly increased fruit diameter either with the fewer doses (0.5ml/l) in T8 or in higher dose (1.0ml/l) in T9 over the control treatment in both seasons.
8) Observation proved that foliar application with fulvic acid (3gm/m3) gave the maximum increase percentage in fruit diameter in comparison to all treatments under the study.
9) The interaction effects between varieties (A) and foliar treatments (B) show significant effect on mean values of fruit diameter (cm). The maximum values of fruit diameter (2.912) were obtained as results of (T7) at the 2nd cultivation time in the 1st season. Meanwhile, at the 2nd season, the maximum values of fruit diameter (2.999) were obtained as results of (T7) at the 1st cultivation time in the 2nd season, respectively.
5. Fruit weight (gm)
1) Results in recorded clearly that fruit weight positively affected by seedling dates in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The 1st seedling date (D1) appeared to be performed in average fruit weight compared to the 2nd date in both seasons, respectively. The improvement in fruit weight reached (4.03% & 4.45%) due to early sowing and seedling transplanting of cucumber plants.
2) Results recorded show clearly that there was a significant differences among foliar treatments compared to the control on fruit weight in both seasons. All foliar application significantly increased fruit weight in comparison to control treatment (T1) in both season.
3) Treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 in (T3) gave the highest fruit weight increase by (44.99% & 43.30%) as compared with control treatments in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
4) Interaction effects of seedling dates and foliar spray on fruit weight recorded that treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 in the 1st seedling date (D1) gave the highest fruit weight percentage (40.13% & 43.00%) as compared with control treatments in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
6. Number of fruits per plant
1) Average of Number of fruits per plant was significantly affected by all factories under the study in both seasons. The 1st seedling date (D1) surpassed the 2nd cultivation time (D2) in Number of fruits per plant in both seasons, respectively. Also, D1 increased Number of fruits per plant by (3.38 & 3.73%) in comparison to (D2) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) Results presented show clearly that there was a significant effect of foliar treatments compared to control treatment (T1) in both seasons. Foliar application of algae extract at 3mg/m3 (T3) after transplanting gave the highest values of Number of fruits per plant (51.22 & 53.20) with increasing percentage (36.98% & 39.19%) over the control in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
3) The increase percentages of Number of fruits per plant due to foliar application of all treatment under the study were varied depended to regulator type and its concentration. The ascending order of foliar treatments on Number of fruits per plant could be arranged as following; Mepiquat chloride, Moringa, fulvic acid then algae extract.
4) Number of fruits per plant was significantly affected by the interaction between seedling dates and foliar application in both seasons. The highest Number of fruits per plant (54.13 & 56.47) was obtained early at the 1st seedling date (D1) and treating cucumber plant by algae extract at 3 mg/m3 (T3) compared to all other interactions in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
7. Total yield per plant (gm/plant)
1) Average of total yield of fruits per plant of cucumber was significantly affected by seedling dates in both seasons. The 1st cultivation date (D1) overlapped the 2nd date (D2) in total yield of fruits per plant with mean values of (3.104 & 3.002 gm) and (3.198 & 3.080) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) Total yield per plant (gm/plant) were significantly increased in the 1st cultivation date (D1) by (3.36% & 3.83%) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
3) Results recorded in Table (7) show clearly significant responses among foliar treatments on total yield of fruits per plant in both seasons.
4) Results reveal that the highest values of total yield of fruits per plant were recorded due to algae extract, Moringa extract and fulvic acid. While, the lowest values was recorded, as a result of Mepiquat chloride. This held true in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
5) The maximum values of total fruit yield/plant were recorded to foliar application by algae extract (T3) at 3gm/m3 concentration in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The increase reached (16.25 % & 23.46% %).
6) Value of fruit weight/plant due to the fulvic acid concentration (2gm/m3) in (T7) recorded more fruit yield/plant than the other the concentration (4gm/m3) in (T6) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
7) Regarding the interaction effects between seedling dates and foliar application on total yield/plant, Data reveal that treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract with the concentration of 3mg/m3 twice after seedling gave the highest increase in total fruit yield per plant.
8. Total yield (ton/greenhouse)
1) Average of fruit harvest yield per greenhouse of cucumber significantly increased in the early cultivation (D1) compared to the 2nd time of cultivation (D2) in both seasons. The increase percentage in total yield in early cultivation (D1) were (3.24 %& 3.70%) comparing to the 2nd seedling dates (D2) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) Data show clearly significantly effect of all foliar application on total cucumber yield in both seasons. Cucumber Plants sprayed with algae extract (T3) increased fruit harvest yield /fed., (41.02% & 42.61 %) as compared with the control (T1) in both seasons, respectively.
3) Increasing Moringa extract to 10% concentration gave 2.160 & 2.189 ton in the 1st & 2nd seasons, respectively. The increase in total cucumber yield per greenhouse represented (3.5% & 2.67%) in the 1st & 2nd seasons, respectively.
4) Data in the same table show that fulvic acid caused significant increase in the increase percentage in total harvest yield (ton /greenhouse) reached (17.31 % & 26.45%) in the 1st season, respectively. While, this increase was (19.21%& 27.11%) in the 2nd season, respectively.
9. Total early yield (ton/greenhouse)
1) Total early yield significantly in (D1) surpassed (D2) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. The increase percentage in total early yield in (D1), recorded (4.17 % & 4.84 %) comparing to (D2), in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) All foliar treatment (T2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) significantly increased the early yield compared to the control treatment (T1).
3) Data show clearly significantly effect of all foliar application on total cucumber yield in both seasons. Cucumber Plants sprayed with algae extract (T3) increased fruit harvest yield /fed., (38.12 & 38.12 %) as compared with the control (T1) in both seasons, respectively.
4) Increasing the concentration extract from 5% to 10% leads to increasing the early production of cucumber yield. Tabulated data in table (9) revealed that the increase percentage of early yield reached ( 13.99 & 13.03%) due to spraying the high concentration of Moringa extract in the 1st&2nd season, respectively.
5) Data show that fulvic acid caused significant increase in all these characters. In this respect,
6) Foliar application of mepiquat chloride at a concentration of (T9) increased early yield by (14.15 % & 15.03%) over the 1st concentration (T8) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
7) Interactions show clearly that the maximum early yield was obtained by foliar application with Algae extract (T3) under early cultivation (D1) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. Values of early yield were (0.897 & 0.936 ton/ greenhouse).
8) Results presented show that the interactions between cultivation time and foliar application proved that the highest total early yield of cucumber were obtained from spraying cucumber plant with 3gm/m3 of algae extract in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
10. Effects on Total Soluble Solid (TSS)
1) Results recorded clearly that TSS insignificantly affected by seedling dates in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively.
2) All foliar application significantly increased TSS except both concentration of Mepiquat chloride treatment (T8 and T9) in comparison to control treatment (T1) in both season.
3) Spraying cucumber plant by fulvic acid at a rate of 2gm/m3 (T6) came in the 2nd rank in increasing TSS in both seasons. The 3rd following foliar treatment was recorded for Moringa extract at a rate of 10% (T5).
4) The increase percentage in TSS due to foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 (T3) were (20.85% & 22.26%) in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
5) Observation revealed that Moringa extract significantly improved TSS (T4 and T5) by both foliar concentrations compared with the control in (T1).
6) Interaction effects of seedling dates and foliar spray on fruit weight recorded that treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 in the 1st seedling date (D1) gave the highest TSS values (5.472 & 5.709) as compared with control treatments in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
11. Effects on acidity
1) The 1st seedling date (D1) appeared to be performed in average acidity values compared to the 2nd seedling date in both seasons, respectively. The improvement in acidity reached (4.46% & 4.93%) due to early sowing and seedling transplanting of cucumber plants.
2) All foliar application significantly increased acidity in comparison to control treatment (T1) in both season. Treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3 gm / m3 gave the highest acidity with increasing percentages (61.50% & 63.34%) as compared with control treatments in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
3) Data stated that spraying cucumber plants by fulvic acid occupied the second rank after algae extract by values of (1.88 &1.93%) at a rate of (3gm/m3) in T7 and (1.707 &1.773%) at a rate of (2gm/m3) in T6, respectively.
4) Spraying cucumber plants by Moringa extract at a rate of 10% (T5) came in the 3rd rank.
5) Moreover, Mepiquat chloride treatment (T8 and T9) significantly increased acidity.
6) Interaction effects of seedling dates and foliar spray on acidity recorded that treating cucumber plant with foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 3gm/m3 in the 1st seedling date (D1) gave the highest acidity values (2.432 & 2.537) as compared with control treatments in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons, respectively.
7) from the previous discussion, it could be concluded that, the results indicate that planting cucumber seedlings early in November under protected agricultural systems leads to a significant effect on plant height with increases percentage (3.82% & 4.43 %) and (fruit setting) by (4.50% & 5.19%) and all traits under the study except fruit length, fruit diameter and TSS% compared to the 2nd seeding date, respectively.
8) Foliar application of algae extract, Moringa extract, fulvic acid and Mepiquat chloride significantly increased plant height, fruit setting%, and yield and quality traits. Foliar application of Algae extract twice at a rate of 3 gm/m3 gave the maximum percentage in plant height, fruit weight/plant, fruit number/plant, total harvest yield /greenhouse , early yield, and quality traits (TSS% and Acidity%). Means while, the maximum increase in fruit length (14.22% & 14.81%) and fruit diameter (17.88% & 18.44%) were obtained due to application by fulvic acid (3gm/m3) in over the control in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Interaction effects concluded and recommended that cultivated cucumber (Barcoda var.) early of Nov. and sprayed plants by foliar application of algae extract (3 gm/m3) twice increased growth, yield and quality.
The 2nd experiment (Tomatoes experiment)
This study was conducted during two successive 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons to evaluate 10 tomatoes genotypes in order to select the highly productive genotype. Factorial experiments in randomized block design (RBD) with three replicates were conducted in both seasons. Tomatoes seedlings were transplanting at 15 Nov. in both seasons.
The data recorded for five plants from each experimental unit were average fruit set%, fruit number/plant, fruit length, fruit diameter yield/plant (kg), fruit weight/plant, total yield/ton/greenhouse, Early yield/ton/greenhouse, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter(cm), TSS% and acidity %
To evaluate the ten tomato genotypes under the study in order to select the suitable highly productive genotype for cultivation under the protected cultivation systems in this region, it is necessary to study the effect of some yield characteristics of each genotype and the effect of those characteristics on the productivity of each genotype so that it can be recommended to grow this genotype under those conditions. , so the yield characteristics of each variety will be discussed through the average values representing the mean of the two agricultural seasons as follows:
1. Evaluate some growth characteristics of tomato’s genotypes
1. Data indicated clearly that, significant differences were recorded among the different tomato genotypes fruit set % trait at the two seasons. In the first season, average trait was 73.33 %, while, in the second season it was 70.67% for S4 genotype which gave the highest mean percentage of fruit set in the two seasons (72.33%).
2. Moreover, the combined analysis show clearly that No. fruit/plant, Fruit diameter and Fruit weight/plant follow the name trend as fruit set due to S4. The average No. fruit/plant was recorded (74.33), Fruit diameter (5.417) and Fruit weight/plant (115.9) as a results of S4 genotype. While, S5 genotype gave the maximum mean value of fruit length (4.967) in both seasons.
3. Generally, S4 genotype recorded the highest values of all growth characteristics of tomato’s genotypes under the study, except fruit length.
4. Results revealed that yield/plant (S4) gave the maximum combined value compared to the other genotypes. While, the total yield / greenhouse, was affected more than the others by S3 (4.504). .
5. Additionally, early yield /greenhouse (Ton) was significantly affected by S7 which recorded the highest value (1.412) compared with all other genotypes.
Results proved that, (Viza genotype) gave the highest combined value of TSS percentage of (8.4%). On the other hand, S3 genotypes gave the lowest combined value of TSS percentage of (5.417%). Moreover, Newton genotype gave the highest combined value of acidity percentage of 2.1%.