الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dimension and the shape of the FAZ of patient of DR in comparison to a healthy control group using OCTA. The study was carried out at the Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta university Hospitals. Cases of the study were recruited between November 2020 to October 2021. 150 eyes were included in this study. Patients All subjects received complete explanation of the nature and the purpose of the study. An informed written consent was obtained from all participants in this research before inclusion. Any unexpected risks were likely to appear during the course of the research were cleared to the participants and the ethical committee on time. All the names of the participants were hidden and replaced by code numbers to maintain their privacy and the confidentiality of the data. selected subjects were divided into two groups according into age: group A: <40 years old. • 25 eyes diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema • 25 eyes diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema. • The previous group was compared to 25 healthy eyes as a control group. group B: ≥40 years old. • 25 eyes diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy with diabetic macular edema • 25 eyes diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema. • The previous group was compared to 25 healthy eyes as a control group. Inclusion criteria • Healthy non diabetic patients with no other systemic disease • Diabetic patients with clear media. Exclusion criteria • Un-cooperative patients. • Patients with media opacity or narrow pupil that interfere with the reliability of imaging technique. • Patients with neurological conditions that interfere with proper detection of Oct image as Parkinsonism or poor fixation. • Patients with other causes of diminished visual acuity as retinal vein occlusion or choroidal neo vascularization • Patients with previous detection of uveitis or glaucoma. • Patients with previous vitreoretinal intervention as PRP, anti VEGF injection. • Patients with previous ocular surgeries. Our results revealed that: • Number of participants was 107 of mean age 44.9 ± 10.8. There was no statistically significant difference as regard to age and sex. Number of eyes was 150. • The study revealed Mean± SD of the FAZ size of superficial retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 256.52± 28.89μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 398.76±62.08μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 331.56± 65.74μm. FAZ size is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than 40 years is 274.04±38.90μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 424.36±48.47μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 385.28±76.94μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. FAZ size of deep retinal capillary plexus; Mean± SD in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 241.56± 43.25μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 389.08±64.05μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 329.84± 94.58μm. FAZ size is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 269.12±36.29μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 391.68±37.96μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 354±53.68μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. • Mean± SD FAZ horizontal dimension of superficial retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 468.08± 37.47μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 687.24±100.94μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 601.92± 77.99μm. FAZ dimension is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 544.44±43.76μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 720.44±97.77μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 623.76±122.99μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. Mean± SD FAZ vertical dimension of superficial retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 454.24± 30.82μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 658.80±115.91μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 585.44± 96.08μm. FAZ dimension is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 540.68±38.05μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 682.44±79.02μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 596.48±90.30μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. • Mean± SD FAZ horizontal dimension of deep retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 455.32± 33.46μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 671.24±108.68μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 572.16± 78.37μm. FAZ dimension is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 468.48±35.99μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 608.12±122.51μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 572.16±78.37μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. Mean± SD FAZ vertical dimension of deep retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is 450.60± 48.72μm. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy with diabetic edema (DRME) of the same age group is 654.60±83.22μm, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema (DR) of the same age is 571.72± 42.71μm. FAZ dimension is larger in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 492.72±42.71μm. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 657.84±65.97μm of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 573.68±120.01μm of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. • The study revealed Mean± SD Macular vascular density of superficial retinal capillary plexus in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is31.16 ±2.46%. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy without diabetic edema (DR) of the same age group is 25.64±1.93%, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema (DRME) of the same age is 24.92± 1.93%. Macular VD SCP is lower in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 29.40±1.78%. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 24.60±2% of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 23.68±1.95% of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control one. Macular vascular density of deep retinal capillary plexus; Mean± SD in healthy control group aged younger than 40 years is29.40 ±1.58%. Mean± SD in diabetic retinopathy without diabetic edema (DR) of the same age group is 25.92±1.63%, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema (DRME) of the same age is 24.00± 1.47%. Macular VD DCP is lower in DR and DRME groups than healthy control one, there is statistically difference P value is (0.001). Mean ±SD in healthy control group aged more than≥ 40 years is 28.08±1.32%. Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy without macular edema is 23.88±1.64% of the same age group, while Mean ±SD in diabetic retinopathy with macular edema is 23.32±1.25% of the same age group. there is statistically difference P value (0.001) between DR and DRME groups and healthy control.