الفهرس 
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Abstract
The use of phytochemicals or plant medicines in fighting chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus is being thoroughly investigated. As these plants protect against oxidative stress, systematic inflammation and prevent formation of glycated end products in diabetic patients. Hence this study aimed to explore the bioactive components of black chia and garden cress seeds and their hypoglycemic effects in diabetic type 2 with the prevention of the associated glycation process.
Hyperglycemia is assumed to be the primary cause of both glycation and the gradual buildup of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in physiological tissues. Despite the possibility that intracellular AGEs may be involved in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways and modification of the functions of intracellular proteins, there are numerous indications that the accumulation of AGEs is a significant pathogenic factor for the development of diabetes, cataracts, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-diabetic drugs can interrupt glycation by reducing blood glucose levels or by inhibiting the third phase of the synthesis of AGEs because glycation is an irreversible reaction.
1. The results of HPLC analysis for components in black chia and garden cress seed extracts reported that, black chia seed extract contained 49.62% of linolenic acid, 18.26% of chlorogenic acid, 6.11% of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 5.85% of caffeic acid, 5.74% quercetin, 5.46% of 3,6-Dimethyl-3,6-dihydro-pyran-2-one oxime, and other bioactive components in traces amounts. While, the garden cress seed extract contained 74.79% of 7,10- hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 21.31% of 11- octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and other bioactive components in smaller amounts.
2. The results of nutritional indices and relative weight of organs, showed that diabetes mellitus caused significant increase in food intake and significant decrease in body weight gain comparing with healthy control rats. As diabetes, affected on metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates, it caused lower in body weight gain. Furthermore, administration of black chia, garden cress seeds extracts and metformin enhance insulin sensitivity and the glucose uptake by pancreatic β-cells that results in spare effect on protein reflected as gain in body weight as compared with diabetic group. In addition, diabetes mellitus caused significant increase in relative weights of liver, kidney and pancreas compared with healthy control rats as a result of fatty infiltration and enlargement of tissue cells as the complication of diabetes. Administration of black chia, garden cress seeds extracts and metformin resulted in improvement of the organs functions, decreased the fatty infiltration and organs weights as compared with diabetic control group.
3. The results of diabetic markers showed that, the induction of diabetes by STZ injection in the group (2) caused a significant increase in serum glucose level by 419.36% compared with the healthy control group (1). In addition, the administration of black chia, garden cress seed extracts and metformin as treatments caused a significant decrease in serum glucose levels by about 66.17%, 69.67% and 62.07%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control group (2). The results of serum insulin level showed a significant decrement in the diabetic group by 41.50% as compared with the healthy control group (1). In addition, the administration of seed extracts and metformin caused a significant elevation in serum insulin levels by about 31.73%, 48.13% and 17.06%, respectively when compared with diabetic control group.
4. With respect to the results of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the induction of diabetes caused the highest significant rise in HbA1c by 161.64% when compared with the healthy control group. While, the administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decline in HbA1c by 28.05%, 50.26% and 26.85%, respectively when compared with the diabetic group . According to the results of serum Nε-CML, the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase by 129.93% as compared with the healthy control group. Additionally, the oral administration of different treatments caused significant decrements in Nε-CML by 45.15%, 47.64% and 48.43%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control group.
5. Regarding serum QUICKI, the induction of diabetes caused a significant decrease by 25.05% when compared with the healthy control group. In addition, the administration of the tested extracts caused a significant increase in QUICKI by about 20.47%, 23.32% and 21.24%, respectively as compared with the diabetic control group. The results of HOMA-IR confirmed that the injection of STZ caused the highest significant increase by 204.31% as compared with the healthy control group. Moreover, the oral administration of the tested treatments caused a significant decrease in HOMA-IR by 53.30%, 55.19% and 55.34%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control group.
6. The results of serum lipids profiles, after the induction of diabetes by STZ injection caused significant increases in serum TAGs, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and FFAs with significant decrease in serum HDL-C (good cholesterol) as compared with the healthy control group, while the oral administration of different treatments caused a significant decrement in serum TAGs, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and FFAs with significant increase in serum HDL-C when compared with the healthy control rats. And these results reflected the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of the tested treatments.
The value of atherogenic index (AI), after the injection of STZ caused a significant increase in serum AI by 127.76% as compared with the healthy control rats. On the other hand, the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused significant decline in serum AI by about 43.70%, 29.89% and 29.67%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats. The results of risk factor (RF), the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in serum RF by 440% as compared with the healthy control rats. In addition, the oral administration of different treatments caused a significant decrease in serum RF by about 79.34%, 48.54% and 37.62%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats.
7. The data of oxidative stress markers showed that, pancreatic SOD activity significantly decreased following STZ injection by about 56.74% when compared with the healthy control rats. In addition, the administration of black chia, garden cress seed extracts and metformin caused a significant increase in SOD activity by 95.73%, 103.23% and 88.45%, respectively as compared with the diabetic control rats. Additionally, pancreatic GSH levels showed a significant decrease after diabetic induction by about 34.12% when compared with the healthy control rats. Administration of different treatments caused a significant increase in GSH levels by 50.37%, 44.24% and 38.64%, respectively as compared with the diabetic control rats. Considering the level of pancreatic MDA, after the injection of STZ caused a significant increase in MDA level by 257.02% as compared with the healthy control group. In addition, the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decrease in MDA level by about 50.02%, 42.80% and 33.26%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats.
8. The data of inflammatory markers confirmed a significant increase in serum INF-γ by 196.31% in diabetic group as compared with the healthy control rats. On the other hand, the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decrease in serum INF-γ by about 46.85%, 50.98% and 54.76%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control group. Considering the results of IL-1β, the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in serum IL-1β by 140.16% as compared with the healthy control rats. In addition, the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decrease in serum IL-1β by about 50.68%, 48.49% and 43.24%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control group.
9. With respecting to the results of liver function tests, after the induction of diabetes mellitus caused a significant decrease in serum albumin by 24.40% when compared with the healthy control group. In addition, the oral administration of tested treatments seed extracts and metformin caused a significant increase in serum albumin by 16.73%, 19.92% and 14.34%, respectively as compared with the diabetic control rats. Considering the serum total bilirubin level, the injection of STZ caused a significant increase by 30.99% as compared with the healthy control rats, while the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decrease in serum total bilirubin by about 20.24%, 20.09% and 20.83%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats.
10. The kidney function evaluation tests showed that, after the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in serum urea by 102.54% as compared with the healthy control rats, while the oral administration of the tested treatments with seed extracts and metformin caused significant decrease in serum urea by about 33.13%, 26.15% and 18.83%, respectively when compared with the diabetic rats. With respect to the level of serum creatinine, the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in serum creatinine by 71.10% as compared with the healthy control rats, while the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused significant decrease in serum creatinine by about 32.50%, 40.20% and 7.30%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats.
11. According to pancreatic function tests, it was clear that, the induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin concentration by 270.41% as compared with the healthy control rats. In addition, the oral administration of the tested seed extracts and metformin caused significant decrease in pancreatic trypsin concentration by about 54.80%, 55.21% and 55.51%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control rats. With respect to the activity of pancreatic amylase enzyme, the injection by STZ caused a significant increase by 168.79% as compared with the healthy control group. But the oral administration of the tested treatments of seed extracts and metformin caused a significant decrease in pancreatic amylase enzyme activity by about 49.64%, 54.19% and 52.09%, respectively when compared with the diabetic control.
12. The microscopic examination of pancreatic tissues of all experimental rat groups showed that, the healthy control rats showed normal histological structure of the islet of Langerhans as well as the acini and duct system as exocrine ones. However, the induction of diabetes by STZ injection caused the atrophy of Langerhans islets with decline in the size and number of the cells associated with periductal inflammatory cells infiltration surrounding the cystic ducts of the exocrine portion. In addition, the oral administration of black chia, garden cress seed extracts and metformin caused significant histopathological improvement in the morphological cellular features of pancreatic tissues.
All in all, our results established the remarkable antidiabetic effects of black chia and garden cress seed extracts most likely by virtue of their bioactive components of highly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-glycation properties.
Conclusion
Injection of rats with STZ resulted in hyperglycemia, disturbed lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, glycation, inflammation, and disturbed liver, kidney, and pancreas functions, in addition to structural alteration of pancreatic tissue.
Consuming black chia and garden cress seeds extracts which high in antioxidant contents and phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids seems to be sufficient in alleviating hyperglycemia and associated disorders. Black chia and garden cress seeds can prevent hyperglycemia and glycation process. In addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that appeared as marked reduction of oxidative stress markers MDA, SOD and GSH and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and INF-γ, black chia and garden cress seeds have hepatoprotective renoprotective and pancreatic protective effects. These protective effects appeared as marked improvement in liver, renal and pancreatic functions. Furthermore, their protective effects on pancreatic tissue structure alterations that induced by STZ injection.
Recommendations
Based on the obtained results the following recommendations are prescribed:
According to the compositions of bioactive components in black chia and garden cress seeds regular consumption help in improvement of antioxidant status and protect tissue against ROS and inflammation. So increased intake of these seeds is recommended for people at risk of oxidative stress and inflammation.
The potential anti-diabetic effects of black chia and garden cress seeds through lowering blood glucose, enhancing insulin sensitivity and prevent glycation process that associated with diabetes. In addition, hypolipidemic effects of these two seeds make them useful for controlling diabetic complications.
About 15g of black chia and 15g of garden cress seeds are recommended daily to obtain their useful benefits, maintenance against hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Nair and Jacob, 2016).