الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent endocrine illness that affects over 200 million individuals globally. India has been designated as the world’s diabetes capital by the International Diabetes Federation.Type 2 diabetes the most common form of diabetes and is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and genes, overweight, obesity, insulin resistance, genes, family history and physical inactivity. And the longer you have diabetes and the less controlled your blood sugar the higher the risk of complications heart and blood vessel disease, Nerve damage from diabetes, Kidney damage from diabetes, Eye damage from diabetes, Foot damage, Skin and mouth conditions and Hearing impairment. Plant components used as traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes are a useful source for a novel drug or a lead in the development of a new therapy. the results showed that diabetic rats fed with chia and sorghum seeds diets had improved in TC, TG, VLDL,LDL, creatinine, urea, ALP, and glucose. a diet with 2.5% chia seeds outperformed one with sorghum seeds, while the best diet included a 5% mixture, indicating synergistic effect. this suggested that the first case’s therapeutic outcomes were superior. Despite the emergence of numerous antihyperglycemic medications derived from both natural and synthetic sources, diabetes and its subsequent consequences remain a serious medical issue.
Forty-eight adult male albino rats, Sprague Dawley Strain, which fed on basal diet for one week. Then, rats divided into eight groups each group which consisted of six rats and were housed individually in the wire cage. All groups of rats were fed on the experimental diet for 28 days according to the following groups:
• Sub- group (1): Rats were fed on basal diet as a control negative.
• Sub- group (2): Rats were injected with alloxan 150 mg and used as positive control group.
• Sub- group (3): A group infected with diabetes and was fed on chia seeds powder at does 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
• Sub- group (4): A group infected with diabetes was fed chia seeds powder at does by 5% of the weight of the diet.
• Sub- group (5): A group infected with diabetes was fed on sorghum by 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
• Sub- group (6): A group infected with diabetes was fed sorghum by 5% of the weight of the diet.
• Sub- group (7): A group infected with diabetes was fed on mixture 1:1 of chia and sorghum seeds by 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
• Sub- group (8): A group infected with diabetes was fed on mixture 1:1 of chia and sorghum seeds 5% of the weight of the diet.
During the experimental period, the body weight and feed intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed. At the end of the experimental period each rat weighs separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples. Blood samples were centrifuged at (4000 rpm) for ten minutes to separate blood serum, then kept in deep freezer till using. Extracting the pancreas following tests was conducted for pathohistological examinations. The different organs of rats (heart, liver, kidney and spleen) were carefully removed, washed in saline solution, dried between 2 filter papers and immediately weighted kept in buffered formalin solution (10%) for histopathological examination.
The obtained results can be summarized as following:
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of diabetic rats
1. The body weight gain (BWG), the feed intake (FI) and the feed efficiency (FER) of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest (BWG) and (FI) recorded for 5% chia.
3. from diabetic rat groups, the highest (FER) recorded for 2.5% sorghum.
4. While the lowest BWG and FER recorded for 5 % sorghum, with significant difference (P≤0.05).
5. The lowest recorded for 5% sorghum with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on organs weight of diabetic rats
1. The weight liver of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. The weight kidney and spleen of control (-) recorded the higher value when compared with control (+) with significant difference.
3. from diabetic rat groups, the highest weight liver and kidney recorded for 2.5% chia.
4. The highest weight spleen recorded for 5% mixture.
5. While the lowest weight liver recorded for 5 % sorghum.
6. The lowest weight kidney and spleen recorded for 2.5 % sorghum with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on glucose level of diabetic rats
1. Glucose level control (+) had a higher glucose, on the other hand, the control (-) displayed a lower level, with a significant variation (P≤0.05).
2. Diabetic rats fed a 5% combination powder had the lowest level of glucose. In diabetic rats, the greatest glucose level was found in 2.5% chia seeds powder (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on liver functions of diabetic rats
1. The AST, ALT and ALP of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest AST, ALT and ALP recorded for 2.5 % chia seeds.
3. while the lowest AST, ALT and ALP recorded for 5% mixture with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on total protein and albumin of diabetic rats
1. Total protein and Serum albumin of control (-) recorded the higher value when compared with control (+) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest total protein recorded for 2.5% chia seeds.
3. The highest Serum albumin recorded for 5% mixture.
4. while the lowest total protein recorded for 2.5% mixture.
5. The lowest Serum albumin recorded for 2.5 % chia seeds with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on total cholesterol and triglycerides of diabetic rats
1. Total cholesterol and triglycerides of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded for 2.5% chia seeds.
3. While the lowest total cholesterol and triglyceride recorded for 5 % mixture.
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on lipid profile level of diabetic rats
1. HDL-c of control (-) recorded the higher value when compared with control (+) with significant difference.
2. LDL-c and VLDL-c of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
3. from diabetic rat groups, the highest HDL-c recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest HDL-c recorded for 2.5% chia seeds with significant difference (P≤0.05).
4. The highest LDL-c and VLDL-c recorded for 2.5% chia seeds, while the lowest LDL-c recorded for 5% mixture with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on kidney functions of diabetic rats
1. Urea, Uric acid and Creatinine of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest urea, Uric acid and Creatinine recorded for 2.5% chia seeds, while the lowest urea recorded for 5% mixture with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on RBCs and W.B.C of diabetic rats
1. RBCs and WBC of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
2. from diabetic rat groups, the highest RBCs recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest RBCs recorded for 2.5% chia seeds.
3. from diabetic rat groups, the highest WBC recorded for 5% chia seeds, while the lowest WBC recorded for 5% mixture with significant difference (P≤0.05).
Effect of chia, sorghum seeds and their mixtures on hemoglobin and platelets of diabetic rats
1. Hemoglobin of control (-) recorded the higher value when compared with control (+) with significant difference.
2. Platelets of control (+) recorded the higher value when compared with control (-) with significant difference.
3. from diabetic rat groups, the highest hemoglobin recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest hemoglobin recorded for 2.5% sorghum with significant difference (P≤0.05).
4. from diabetic rat groups, the highest platelets recorded for 5% sorghum, while the lowest platelets recorded for 5% mixture with significant difference (P≤0.05).