الفهرس 
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues as emerging contaminants have a great interest in recent days. They have been detected in surface water; wastewater and groundwater in concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L because of incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. There are different ecological risks from their persistence in the environment. They may result in behavior impacts or toxicity to aquatic species. So, efficient treatment of them by functional material becomes very important to protect the environment. This thesis focuses on the design and synthesis of multifunctional metal-organic frameworks and their composites for using them as adsorbents and photocatalysts. Zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66-(COOH)2) and its modified composited (UiO-66-(COOCu)2 and UiO-66-(COOFe)2) were used for the adsorption of diclofenac sodium. Whereas, MIL-125-NH2, LaFeO3, LaFeO3/MIL-125-NH2 photocatalysts were applied for carbamazepine and caffeine degradation. Metal-organic frameworks have been synthesized by solvothermal method and characterized by various techniques (e.g. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy). The adsorption process was done by batch method and different factors such as pH, concentration of pollutants, and time of reaction were studied. A solar simulator was used as a light source for the photocatalysis reaction. The detection of pharmaceuticals was operated by high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulation and FT-IR analysis were applied to study the removal mechanism.
The present findings indicate that zirconium MOFs are good adsorbents for diclofenac where maximum adsorption capacity reaches 769.1 mg/g for UiO-66-(COOFe)2 and can be reused several times in adsorption after washing. Carbamazepine and caffeine were degraded by LaFeO3/MIL-125-NH2 photocatalyst more than MIL-125-NH2 and LaFeO3. Caffeine degradation was higher than carbamazepine (i.e., caffeine 87 % and carbamazepine, 74% by LaFeO3/MIL-125-NH2). Hydrogen bonding, metal–π and π-π are the interaction types between the pollutants and nanomaterial. While superoxide, hydroxyl free radicals’ active species have the major contribution to the photodegradation of caffeine and carbamazepine.
Key Words: Water pollution; Pharmaceuticals; Adsorption; Photocatalysis; Metal-organic frameworks.