الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disorder that leads to persistent abnormally high blood glucose level and glucose intolerance. characteristically, the disease is responsible for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, renal failure, blindness, or diabetic cataract.
The therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stays a challenging issue. During the last decade, there has been an interest in the expansion of anti-diabetic drugs especially those of natural sources.
The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-diabetic effects and to suggest the mechanisms of action of lepidine, Lepidiumsativum seed hydroethanolic extract, alone and in combination with metformin in nicotinamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
This study was done on fifty adult male wistar rats, divided into 5 equal groups (10 rats for each one):
group 1: (Control group).
group 2: (Diabetic group): Diabetic rats with no treatment.
group 3 (Lepidine group): Diabetic rats treated with lepidine.
group 4 (Metformin group): Diabetic rats treated with metformin.
group 5 (Lepidine +Metformin group): Diabetic rats treated with metformin combined with lepidine.
Fromtheanalysisofourdata,wefoundthat:
Serum FBG was statistically significantly higher in diabetic group than in control group. However, serum FBG showed a statistically significant decrease in lepidine group, metformin group and lepidine + metformin group in comparison to diabetic group.
Serum insulin and C peptide was statistically significantly lower in diabetic group, lepidine group, metformin group than in control group. However, serum insulin and C peptide showed a statistically significant increase in lepidine+ metformin group in comparison to diabetic group.
Regarding lipid profile, serum TG, total cholesterol, LDL and vLDL were statistically significantly higher in diabetic group than in control group. However, serum TG, cholesterol, LDL and vLDL showed a statistically significant decrease in lepidine group, metformin group and lepidine+ metformin group than in diabetic group.
HDL was statistically lower in diabetic group than in control group. And, it showed significant increase in lepidine group, metformingroup and lepidine+ metformin group than in control& diabetic group.
Serum TNF alpha was statistically significantly higher in diabetic group and in metformin group than in control group and a significant decrease in lepidine group than in diabetic group
Serum IL-4 was statistically significantly lower in diabetic group, lepidine group, metformin group and in lepidine+ metformingroup than in diabetic group.
Liver Glucose-6-phosphatase was statistically significantly higher in diabetic group than in control group. However, liver Glucose-6-phosphataseshowed a statistical significant decrease in lepidine group, metformingroup and lepidine+ metformin group than in diabetic group.
Resistin was statistically significantly higher in diabetic, lepidine and metformingroups than in control group. However, serum resistin showed a statistically significantly decrease in lepidine+ metformingroup than in diabetic, lepidine and metformin groups. Adiponectin was statistically lower in diabetic group than in control group, lower in lepidine group, metformingroup group and lepidine+ metformin than in control & diabetic group.
GLU 4 and IR was statistically lower in diabetic group than in control group, lower in lepidine group, metformin group and lepidine+ metforminthan in control & diabetic group.
from all above we evaluate that lepidine is more effective when it is used in combination with metformin in treatment of T2DM in wistar rats.