الفهرس 
HypercholesterolemiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This main research objective is to determine the influence of quinoa seed (un-germinated and germinated) powder on the biological, biochemical, histological, and hypercholesterolemia changes in male albino rats. Additionally, some physiological aspects like BWG, FI, FER as well as the weight of the internal organs and some biochemical traits like liver and kidney function, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c), glucose level, and hematological parameters like CBC, WBC, hemoglobin, and platelets were measured in the tested albino rats. Chemical composition and some active compounds of un-germination and germination quinoa seed powder such as identification of phenolic compounds using d HPLC technique will also determine.
Sixty-three adult male white albino rats, (Sprague Dawley Strain), 10 weeks age, weighing (140±10g) were used in this experiment. All rats were fed on basal diet prepared according to AIN, (1993) for 7 consecutive days. After this adaptation period, rats are divided into 8 groups, each group which consists of 6 rats as follows:
group (1): Rats fed on basal diet as a control negative.
group (2): A group of hypercholesterolemic rats injected by single dose of freshly prepared solution of Triton-X-100 (100 mg/kg b.w.) supplemented in the basal diet and used as a positive control group.
group (3): Hypercholesterolemic rats’ group were fed on the ungerminated quinoa as powder by 5% of kg/diet/day.
group (4): Hypercholesterolemic rats’ group were fed on the ungerminated quinoa as powder by 10% of kg/diet/day.
group (5): Hypercholesterolemic rats’ group were fed on the germinated quinoa as powder by 5% of kg/diet/day.
group (6): Hypercholesterolemic rats’ group were fed on the germinated quinoa as powder by 10% of kg/diet/day.
During the experimental period, the body weight and food intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed. The experiment taken 28 days, at the end of the experimental period each rat weight separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
6.1. Chemical composition of un-germinated and germinated quinoa seeds:
1. The highest moisture, fat, ash, and energy value contents recorded for un-germinated quinoa seeds as dry weight (D/W).
2. While the highest protein, fiber, and carbohydrate levels were found in the dried weight (D/W) of quinoa seeds that had been germinated.
6.2. Phenolic compounds of un-germinated quinoa seeds fractionation by HPLC analysis
1. The highest phenolic compounds of un-germinated quinoa seeds recorded for pyrogallol, chlorogenic acid, and vanillic acid.
2. While the lowest value was found for P-OH-benzoic acid, kaempferol, and P-qumaric acid. The levels were, respectively, 0.08, 0.17, and 0.23 mg/100g DW.
3. Gallic acid and caffeine acid, on the other hand, were not found under these conditions.
6.3. Phenolic compounds of germinated quinoa seeds fractionation by HPLC analysis:
1. Vanillic acid, pyrogallol, and hydroxycinnamic acids have the largest phenolic components in quinoa seeds that have germinated.
2. While kaempferol, P-OH- benzoic acid, and quercetin have been found to have the lowest phenolic content in quinoa seeds that have germinated.
3. Gallic acid and caffeine acid, on the other hand, were not found under these conditions.
6.4. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of hypercholesterolemic rats:
1. The body weight gain indicated that there is a significant difference between negative control and positive control group.
2. The highest body weight gain of treated groups (hypercholesterolemic) was recorded for group rats fed on 10% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value was recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences in feed intake between negative control and positive control group.
4. The highest feed intake of treated groups (hypercholesterolemic) was recorded for group rats fed on 10% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant difference (P≤ 0.05).
5. There is no significant difference of feed efficiency ratio between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% un-germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
6.5. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on organs weight of hypercholesterolemic rats:
1. There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in liver weight.
2. The highest liver weight of hypercholesterolemic groups recorded for group rats fed on 5% Un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on10% germinated quinoa 5 powder with significant difference (P≤0.05).
3. There are significant differences in kidney weight between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder with significant difference (P≤ 0.05).
5. There are non-significant differences of heart weight between negative control group and positive control group.
6. The highest spleen weight of treated group recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with non-significant difference (P≤0.05).
6.6. Effect of ungerminated and germinated quinoa on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. Total cholesterol levels in the negative control group were 104.50 mg/dl, whereas those in the positive control group were 236.15 mg/dl, with significant differences. (P≤0.05).
2. The hypercholesterolemic group rats fed 5% ungerminated quinoa powder had the highest levels while the lowest serum total cholesterol levels recorded for 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant differences (P≤0.05), with mean value of 201.40 and 116.50 mg/dl, respectively.
3. A significant difference (P≤0.05) of triglycerides between the positive control group and the negative control group. The relative mean values were 181.00 and 96.50 mg/dl.
4. The hypercholesterolemic group that received 10% germinated quinoa powder had the lowest triglyceride levels. However, hypercholesterolemic group rats fed 5% ungerminated quinoa powder showed the highest value with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The relative mean values were 103.75 and 149.75 mg/dl.
6.7. Effect of ungerminated and germinated quinoa on serum lipid fractions of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the levels of HDL-c between the positive control group and the negative control group, with the positive control group having the lowest levels. There were 51.13 and 27.09 mg/dl on average, respectively.
2. The highest levels of HDL-c were found in hypercholesteremic groups in 10% germinated quinoa, whereas the lowest levels were found in 5% ungerminated quinoa. These differences were significantly at (P≤0.05), and the values were 47.50 and 38.14 mg/dl, respectively.
3. As for LDL-c, the positive control group had the highest levels of LDL-c, whereas the negative control group had the lowest levels, with a significant difference (P≤0.05), which were 172.86 mg/dl and 34.07 mg/dl, respectively.
4. Hypercholesteremic groups fed 5% ungerminated quinoa had the highest levels of LDL-c, whereas 10% germinated quinoa had the lowest, with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The average levels were 48.25 mg/dl and 133.31 mg/dl, respectively.
5. With statistically significant differences (P≤0.05), it can be stated that the positive control group had the highest levels of VLDL-c, whereas the negative control group had the lowest levels. There were 36.20 and 19.30 mg/dl on average, respectively.
6. The 5% ungerminated quinoa group had the highest hypercholesteremic VLDL-c values, whereas the 10% germinated quinoa powder group had the lowest levels, with significant differences (P≤0.05), which were 29.95 and 20.75 mg/dl, respectively.
7. The atherogenic index (AI) values between the positive control group had the greatest levels of the compared to the negative control group, which showed a significant difference (P≤0.05), which were 7.72 and 1.04%, respectively.
8. The highest AI values of the hypercholesteremic groups were found in 5% ungerminated quinoa, while the lowest were found in 10% germinated quinoa powder. These differences were significant (P≤0.05), and they were 4.28 and 1.45%, respectively.
6.8. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on glucose levels of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. There are significant differences (P≤0.05) between the negative control and positive control groups.
2. The hypercholesterolemic group of rats had the lowest blood glucose levels when they were fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder. While the highest value was seen in rats with hypercholesterolemic that received 5% ungerminated quinoa powder.
6.9. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on liver functions of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. The ALT liver enzyme levels between the negative and positive control groups differed significantly.
2. The ALT liver enzyme was lowest in the hypercholesteremic group of rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder. 5% ungerminated quinoa powder was given to the hypercholesteremic group of rats, who had the highest value and the greatest difference (P≤0.05).
3. A significant difference (P≤0.05) between the negative and positive control groups for the liver enzyme AST.
4. The AST enzyme was lowest in hypercholesteremic rats fed a 10% germinated quinoa powder than in any other treated group. But the highest value was observed in hypercholesteremic group rats fed 5% ungerminated quinoa powder. With a significant difference (P≤0.05).
5. Liver enzyme ALP differed significantly (P≤0.05) between the positive and negative control groups.
6. The rats in the hypercholesteremic group were fed 10% germinated quinoa powder, and their ALP enzyme levels were the lowest among the treatment groups. While the highest value observed was for the hypercholesteremic group of rats fed on 5% ungerminated quinoa powder with a significant difference.
6.10. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on total protein and albumin of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. Total protein showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
2. The lowest total protein of treated groups recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the highest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
3. There are significant differences in albumin between negative control group and positive control group.
4. The lowest albumin of treated group recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the highest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
6.11. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on kidney functions of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. The positive control group’s serum urea was much higher than the negative control group’s serum urea.
2. The hypercholesterolemic group rats given 5 % ungerminated quinoa powder had the highest serum urea level of all the treated groups. When fed 10% germinated quinoa powder, hypercholesterolemic rats’ lowest recorded value showed a significant difference.
3. Serum uric acid levels, data indicated that there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group.
4. Hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited the highest serum uric acid levels when given 5% ungerminated quinoa powder, with the lowest value being achieved for hypercholesterolemic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder.
5. The serum creatinine levels of the negative control groups were significantly (P≤0.05) lower than those of the positive control groups.
6. The hypercholesterolemic group rats given 5 % ungerminated quinoa powder had the highest serum creatinine level of the treatment group. While the lowest result was reported for hypercholesterolemic rats fed a 10% germinated quinoa powder.
5.12. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on red blood cell and white blood cell of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. The red blood cells (RBCs) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant differences (P≤0.05).
2. The highest RBCs level of treated groups recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
3. The positive control group of white blood cells (WBCs) recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest WBCs level of treated group recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
6.13. Effect of un-germinated and germinated quinoa on hemoglobin and platelet of hypercholesteremic rats:
1. The hemoglobin (Hgb) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest hemoglobin level of treated groups recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% 10% un-germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
3. The positive control group of platelets recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest platelets level of treated groups recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 10% germinated quinoa powder. While the lowest value recorded for hypercholesteremic group rats fed on 5% un-germinated quinoa powder with significant difference.
6.14. Histopathological examination of liver:
1. Histopathologically, liver of rat from group 1 showed normal histopathological structure of hepatic lobule.
2. Liver of rats from group 2 showed fibroplasia in the portal triad, appearance of newly formed bile ductuoles.
3. On the other hand, Liver of rats from group 3 revealed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion of hepatic sinusoids.
4. Moreover, liver of rat from group 4 showed Kupffer cells activation.
5. Meanwhile, liver of rat from group 5 showed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes.
6. Liver of rat from group 6 revealed Kupffer cells activation.
6.15. Histopathological examination of heart:
1. Heart of healthy rat from control (-) group (1) showing normal cardiac myocytes.
2. Meanwhile, the heart of hypercholesteremic rat from control (+) group (2) showing intramuscular hemorrhage.
3. Heart of hypercholesteremic rat from group (3) showing intramuscular inflammatory cells infiltration.
4. Heart of hypercholesteremic rat from group (4) showing no histopathological changes.
5. Heart of hypercholesteremic rat from group (5) showing no histopathological changes.
6. Heart of hypercholesteremic rat from group (6) showing no histopathological changes.