الفهرس 
Heart FailureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heart failure is clinical syndrome consisting of cardinal symptoms (e.g., breathlessness, ankle swelling, and fatigue) that may be accompanied by signs (e.g., elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, and peripheral oedema). due to a structural and/or functional abnormality of the heart that results in elevated intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate cardiac output at rest and/or during exercise. Central venous pressure, which is a measure of pressure in the vena cava, can be used as an estimation of preload and right atrial pressure. Central venous pressure is often used as an assessment of hemodynamic status, particularly in the intensive care unit. The central venous pressure can be measured using a central venous catheter advanced via the internal jugular vein and placed in the superior vena cava near the right atrium. A normal central venous pressure reading is between 8 to 12 mmHg. This value is altered by volume status and/or venous compliance. Electrical Cardiometry (EC) is a noninvasive method that measures stroke volume (SV) determined by calculating beat-to-beat changes in the electrical impedance of the chest and neck. This method can measure cardiac output (CO) noninvasively and continuously at the bedside. Previous studies have highlighted the benefits of using EC for checking hemodynamic parameters such as CO and SV. It has been increasingly utilized in the analysis and treatment of dyspnoeic patients. The thoracic fluid content (TFC) is a measure of water contained in the lungs and pulmonary vasculature that is obtained from EC.