الفهرس 
Bladder CancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world and the 13th cause of cancer deaths.
2.7 million people is the estimated number of patients who have a history of BC worldwide, and nearly 75% of newly diagnosed patients present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
The standard treatment for NMIBC is transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) with intravesical chemotherapy or intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy. However, the recurrence and progression rates of NMIBC for 5 years range from 31% to 78% and from 1% to 45%, respectively.
The identification of patients with higher risk of recurrence and progression is mandatory in order to predict oncological outcomes and for optimal tailored therapeutic decision-making.
Since Virchow first described a possible connection between inflammation and cancer in 1876 after observing the presence of leukocytes within neoplastic tissues, clear evidence now supports the crucial role played by SIR in the development, progression, metastasis, and survival of malignant cells in most cancers.
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment may promote angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis via the signaling of tumor-promoting chemokines and cytokines (i.e., IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-23), which are produced by innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells) and adaptive ones (T and B lymphocytes).