الفهرس 
Aim of the studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The current study was conducted to find out the possible effect of downy mildew infection of lettuce plants on experimental rats, where 30 adult albino male rats weighing (150±10) grams were used. These rats were housed in wire cages inside the laboratory of experimental animals, airy, at the Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufia University, and food and water were provided to them on a daily renewable basis, as all rats were fed on the basal diet for 7 consecutive days to effect acclimatization.
After that period, the rats were divided into five groups, each group containing 6 rats, as follows:
First group
It was used as a negative control group and was fed on the basal diet throughout the experimental period.
Second group
They were fed on healthy lettuce leaves powder at a concentration of 5% of the basal diet.
Third group
They were fed on healthy lettuce leaves powder at a concentration of 10% of the basal diet.
Fourth group
They were fed on infected lettuce leaves powder at a concentration of 5% of the basal diet.
Fifth group
They were fed on infected lettuce leaves powder at a concentration of 10% of the basal diet.
The experiment lasted 28 days, and after the end of the experiment period, each rat was weighed separately, and the rats were fasted for 12 hours before slaughtering. Rats were slaughtered, blood samples were collected from rats of all groups in test tubes, serum was separated, centrifuged in a centrifuge, liver and kidney were extracted and weighed, then kept in formalin solution until tissue examination to study histopathological changes, followed by conducting the following analyzes:
Biological evaluation:
During the experimental period (28) days, the rate of change in body weight gains each week (BWG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and average daily feed intake (FI) were recorded.
Biochemical evaluation:
It includes the following tests:
• The level of blood lipids (total cholesterol - triglycerides - lipoproteins HDL-c - LDL-c - VLDL-c)
• Total proteins (albumin – globulin).
• Liver functions due to the multiplicity of the following enzymes (GPT- GOT- ALP)
• Renal functions (creatinine - uric acid - urea in serum).
• Complete blood count (hemoglobin - red blood cells - white blood cells - hematocrit – platelets).
The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows:
6.1. Biological evaluation:
6.1.1. Changes in body weight gain of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
Feeding fourth and fifth groups on infected lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to an increase in body weight gain, while third group which was fed on with a concentration of 10% of healthy lettuce leaves, led to a decrease in weight and recorded the lowest value.
6.1.2. Changes in feed intake of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
The highest value of feed intake was recorded with third group, which was fed on with a concentration of 10% of healthy lettuce leaves, while the lowest value was recorded with fourth group, which was fed on with a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves, which led to a decrease in FI.
6.1.3. Changes in feed efficiency ratio of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
The highest value of feed efficiency ratio was recorded with fourth group, which was fed on with a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves, while the lowest value was recorded with third group, which was fed on with a concentration of 10% of healthy lettuce leaves, which led to a decrease in FER.
6.1.4. Changes in organs weight of normal rats (liver - kidney) fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Negative control group recorded the highest value in liver weight, and feeding on lettuce leaves led to a significant decrease in liver weight, while third group, which was fed on a concentration of 10% of healthy lettuce leaves, recorded the lowest value and led to a significant decrease in liver weight.
• The highest value of kidney weight was recorded with negative control group. Feeding on lettuce leaves led to a decrease in kidney weight, while feeding fourth group on infected lettuce leaves with a concentration of 5% led to a significant decrease in kidney weight
6.2. Biochemical evaluation:
6.2.1. Changes in liver enzymes level (GPT - GOT - ALP) of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Feeding healthy and infected lettuce leaves led to a significant reduction in ALP compared to negative control group.
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves at concentrations of 5% and 10% led to an increase in GPT, while feeding fourth and fifth groups on infected lettuce leaves at concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in GPT.
• The GOT level of negative control group recorded the lowest value, while feeding on infected lettuce leaves at a concentration of 5% significantly reduced GOT.
6.2.2. Changes in blood lipids level (total cholesterol - triglycerides) of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• The total cholesterol level of negative control group recorded the highest value, while fourth group fed on 5% of infected lettuce leaves recorded the lowest value of total cholesterol and led to a decrease in TC.
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves at concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in triglycerides, while fourth group fed on a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves led to an increase in TG and recorded the highest value.
6.2.3. Changes in lipoproteins level (HDL-c - LDL-c - VLDL-c) of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to an increase in high-density lipoprotein، while fourth group fed on a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves led to a decrease in HDL-c and recorded the lowest value.
• Fourth group which was fed on with a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves recorded the lowest value, while feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in low-density lipoprotein
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in VLDL-c, while fourth group fed on a concentration of 5% of infected lettuce leaves led to an increase in very low-density lipoprotein and recorded the highest value.
6.2.4. Changes in total protein level of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Feeding fourth and fifth groups on infected lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% reduced serum protein, while total protein level of negative control group recorded the highest value.
6.2.5. Changes in total proteins level (albumin - globulin) of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in the level of albumin compared to negative control group, while feeding fourth and fifth groups on infected lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in serum albumin.
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to an increase in globulin level, while fourth group fed on infected lettuce leaves with a concentration of 5% gave the lowest values.
6.2.6. Changes in renal functions level (uric acid - urea - creatinine) of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% reduced uric acid compared to negative control group, while fourth group fed on 5% of infected lettuce leaves recorded the lowest value.
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% reduced urea in the serum compared to negative control group, while feeding fourth and fifth groups with concentrations of 5% and 10% on infected lettuce leaves led to a significant reduction and recorded the lowest values.
• Creatinine level of negative control group recorded the highest value, while feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a decrease in creatinine level. Also, fourth group fed on infected lettuce leaves with a concentration of 5% recorded the lowest value in creatinine.
6.2.7. Changes in complete blood count (hemoglobin - hematocrit - platelets - RBCs - WBCs) level of normal rats fed on diet supplemented with different concentrations of lettuce leaves:
• The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit of negative control group recorded the lowest value, while feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to a significant increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit. Also, fourth group that fed on infected lettuce leaves with a concentration of 5% recorded the highest values in level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the serum.
• Feeding second and third groups on healthy lettuce leaves with concentrations of 5% and 10% led to an increase in the number of platelets and red blood cells compared to negative control group which led to a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells and a significant increase in white blood cells, while fourth group that was fed on infected lettuce leaves with a concentration of 5% had the highest value for the number of platelets and red blood cells, and the lowest significant value for white blood cells.