الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study was conducted during the ripening stages in different farms in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt to predict the ripening of the fruits of navel oranges, mandarin and tomatoes using image analysis and passive bidirectional reflectance sensor. Also, to study the effect of biochemical properties on fruit ripening and color indicators such as VARI, VARI1, NDVI, NDVI1, RN, GN, BN, R/G, GRRI, GRVI, ExR, ExG and R/B. Also, to study the effect of biochemical properties on fruit ripening and spectral reflectance indices such as R546/R1132, R534/R750, R522/R750, R710/R600, R730/R650, R676/R664, R758/R752, R766/750, R742/R588, NDVI, PRMI, NAI and GI. The color detected using tree technology was the traditional method, color scheme, ENVI software for red, green and blue bands for maturity indices, and spectral reflectance. The results obtained from measuring orange samples showed that the maximum value of total soluble solids was 12.5 (brix, %), while the minimum value was 8 (brix,%). The maximum value of the liquid percentage was 54.62%, while the lowest value was 30.06%. The maximum value of TSS/TA was 19.32. While the T.acidity decreased to 0.62. The content of carotenoids increased to 0.22 mg/g, and the content of chlorophyll a decreased from 3.76 mg/g to 0.04 mg/g, while the content of chlorophyll b decreased from 5.61 mg/g to 0.01 mg/g. While the results obtained from the measurements of the mandarin samples showed that the maximum value of total soluble solids was 12 (brix,%), while the minimum value was 8.8 (brix,%). The maximum value of the percentage of liquid was 52.33%, while the lowest value was 37.96%. The maximum value of TSS/TA was 19.61. While the T.acidity decreased to 0.60. The content of carotenoids increased to 0.23 mg/g, and the content of chlorophyll a decreased from 4.23 mg/g to 0.02 mg/g, while the content of chlorophyll b decreased from 6.23 mg/g to 0.05 mg/g. While the results obtained from measuring tomato samples were that the maximum value of total soluble solids was 6.8 (brix,%). The maximum firmness value was 690, while the lowest value was 350. The maximum TSS/TA value was 8.27. While the acidity decreased to 0.62. Lycopene content increased to 65.69, and chlorophyll A content decreased from 1.56 mg/g to 0.55 mg/g, while chlorophyll B content decreased from 1.50 mg/g to 0.46 mg/g. While the content of carotenoids increased to 0.28 mg/g. There is a relationship between the biochemical characteristics of different fruits and the days of ripening, such as total soluble solids, titrated acidity, pH, TSS |TA, chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll t, carotenoids, firmness and lycopene. The relationship between biochemical properties and RGB indices at different ripening days was determined. also The relationship between biochemical properties and spectral reflectance indices at different ripening days was determined. Correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis tested the association between chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and different RGB indices to determine the optimal sensitive indices of ripeness. The results showed that the indices NDVI1 and IKAW provide better indices of the concentrations of chlorophyll a and b (R2=0.91***), while the indices Rn and VARI provide better indices of the concentrations of carotenoids (R2=0.96***). The coefficient of determination for all properties of all image indices properties was high. While the lowest was the RBRI index with the percentage of liquid for mandarin fruits. In orange fruits, the best indices of chlorophyll a, were IKAW and NDVI1 (R2=0.91*** for both) and chlorophyll b (R2=0.92*** for both), while Rn and GRRI provided better indices of carotenoids (R2=0.95*** 135 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION for both) and total soluble solids (R2=0.93*** for both). Also, in tomato fruits, the results showed that NDVI1, GRRI and IKAW indices provided better indices of chlorophyll a, (R2=0.66*** for both), while the best indices for determining the concentration of lycopene, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll t was GRRI (R2=0.89***, 0.59*** and 0.59***), respectively. The results showed that GRRI and Rn provide a better indices for determining the firmness of tomato fruits (R2=0.85*** for both) This study included the use of spectral reflectance indicators to evaluate biochemical parameters. These indicators were used to evaluate the quality of different fruits. Optimal spectral indices were selected from the contour maps to predict total soluble solids, titrated acidity, pH, TSS |TA, chlorophyll a and b, chlorophyll t, carotenoids, firmness and lycopene. The results showed that there is a correlation between the spectral reflectance indices and the biochemical parameters of orange fruits. The biochemical properties of orange fruits were strongly correlated with spectral reflectance indices. By making contour maps, the best spectral index for evaluating biochemical parameters was determined, the indices gave R568/R450 and R560/R486 the highest determination coefficient with total soluble solids (R2=0.80*** for both) and carotenoids (R2=0.08***), while the indices gave R568/R450 and R560/R486 the highest determination coefficient with titrated acidity (R2=0.80*** for both), the indices gave R568/R450 and R560/R486 the highest determination coefficient with pH (R2=0.80***), the indices gave R568/R450 and R560/R486 the highest determination coefficient with percentage of liquid (R2=0.80*** for both), the indices gave R568/R450 and R560/R486 the highest determination coefficient with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll t (R2=0.80*** for both). The results showed that there is a correlation between the spectral reflectance indices and the biochemical parameters of mandarin fruits. The biochemical properties of mandarin fruits were strongly correlated with spectral reflectance indices. By making contour maps, the best spectral index for evaluating biochemical parameters was determined, the index gave R672/R670 the highest determination coefficient with total soluble solids (R2=0.80***). While the indices gave R730/R650 and R710/R600 the highest determination coefficient with titrated acidity (R2=0.75*** for both), and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll t (R2=0.80*** for both). The index gave R894/R878 the highest determination coefficient with pH (R2=0.73***), the indices gave GI and R654/R566 the highest determination coefficient with percentage of liquid (R2=0.40***), the index R810/R822 gave the highest determination coefficient with TSS/TA and carotenoids (R2=0.76*** and 0.73***). The results showed that there is a correlation between the spectral reflectance indices and the biochemical parameters of tomato fruits. The biochemical properties of tomato fruits were strongly correlated with spectral reflectance indices. By making contour maps, the best spectral index for evaluating biochemical parameters was determined, the indices gave R522/R750, R534/R750, R610/R646, R584/R650 and R610/R650 the highest determination coefficient with total soluble solids (R2=0.70***). While the index R584/R650 had the highest determination coefficient with titrated acidity (R2=0.82***). While the index R1140/R674 had the highest determination coefficient with chlorophyll b and chlorophyll t (R2=0.61*** and 0.60***). The indices R610/R646 and R610/R650 had the highest determination coefficient with pH (R2=0.69*** for both), and firmness (R2=0.83*** for both). The index gave R610/R650 the highest determination coefficient with lycopene (R2=0.87***). The index GI had the highest determination coefficient with chlorophyll a (R2=0.68***), also the index R546/R1132 had the highest determination coefficient with TSS/TA (R2=0.40***). In this work, the image analysis program, computer vision, was tested as a suitable method for examining different fruits from the outside. The results obtained in this experiment showed that the RGB indices and spectral reflectance indices give an understanding of the determination of solids concentration. Total soluble solids (TSS), pH, T.acidity, percentage of liquid, TSS/TA, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, lycopene and firmness. The coefficient of determination in all properties equations for image indices and spectral reflectance indices was very high and gave a high predictive power. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The possibility of using a new image analysis technique to detect the ripeness of oranges, mandarins and tomatoes. 2. The possibility of using spectral reflectance to detect the ripeness of oranges, mandarins and tomatoes. 3. Using NDVI, Rn and VARI indices to predict different stages of ripening of oranges, mandarins and tomatoes. 4. The use of spectral reflectance indices R546/R1132, R534/R750, NDVI and NAI to predict different stages of ripening of oranges, mandarins and tomatoes. 5. Predictability of total soluble solids, pH, T.acidity, percentage of liquid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll t, carotenoids, lycopene, firmness and TSS/TA, using RGB indices and spectral reflectance indices.