الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered among the most contracted bacterial illnesses throughout the community and hospital settings worldwide (1). They are associated with great mortality and morbidity imposing massive economic and societal burdens (2). Globally, 150 million UTI cases are reported each year adding at least $6 billion to direct medical care expenses (3). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) arises as the most predominant extraintestinal pathotype responsible for about 75–95% of uncomplicated UTIs, and about 40–50% of complicated UTIs universally (4). Over the last decades, the problem has escalated with the emergence of a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype among UPEC featuring an alarming situation that has been strongly correlated with inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy (5). The prevalence of MDR UPEC isolates in developed countries has almost doubled from the year of 2001 to 2010 (6). In developing countries, a comparable situation is detected. In China, the incidence rate of MDR UPEC was reported to reach almost 50% in 2020, in Mexico, the prevalence rate reached 98% in 2018, and in India, since 2011, the rate of MDR UPEC was documented to be 80% (2, 6, 7). On the national level, numerous studies across various Egyptian governorates have demonstrated that MDR UPEC strains are the most retrieved isolates from the urine of patients suffering from UTIs.