الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Aim of The WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) describes a sudden loss of kidney function that is determined on the basis of increased serum creatinine levels (a marker of kidney excretory function) and reduced urinary output (oliguria) (a quantitative marker of urine production) and is limited to a duration of 7 days. AKI is part of a variety of functional kidney conditions, which are summarized as acute kidney disease and disorders (AKD) and can range from mild and self-limiting to severe and persistent. By definition, AKD persisting for >3 months is referred to as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of note, AKI and AKD frequently occur in patients with precedent CKD.