الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background:
Mastitis is a common disease among dairy cattle in desert regions, causing significant economic losses to farmers. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has made the treatment of mastitis more challenging, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic options. In this study, we evaluated the potential of using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and fennel honey as alternative treatments for mastitis in desert farms. The study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of AgNPs and fennel honey against common mastitis-causing bacteria and assess their effectiveness in reducing inflammation and improving milk quality.
Material and methods:
For this study, four groups of cows were included: a control group, a mastitis group, a group treated with fennel honey, and a group treated with silver nanoparticles. Blood and milk samples were collected from all groups and analyzed for various parameters, including white blood cell count, CRP level, and milk production. The fennel honey and silver nanoparticles were administered intra-mammary to the udder. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the different groups and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments.
Results:
The size and shape of AgNPs were analyzed, and the results showed that the shape of the particles was circular, and their size ranged from 7.8-20.5 nm. The antimicrobial effects of AgNPs were tested against different bacteria, and the results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs was 200 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 100 μg/mL for Streptococcus spp, and 50 μg/mL for Escherichia coli spp.. Blood parameters were also evaluated, and the results showed that the administration of AgNPs caused a significant decrease in the neutrophil percentage and a significant increase in the lymphocyte percentage after 7 days. In addition, the administration of AgNPs and funnel honey caused a significant decrease in neutrophil percentages in milk samples after 7 days. These findings suggest that AgNPs have significant antimicrobial effects and can be used to improve milk quality and reduce the risk of mastitis.