الفهرس 
Part I: General introductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
In this thesis, three analytical techniques are developed for the determination of certain cephalosporins, including cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefpiramide, cefpirome, and ceftobiprole, alone or in combination with other antibiotics in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The two main sections of the thesis are as follows:
Part I:General Introduction
This section gives a summary of the medicinal importance, applications, and mechanisms of the drugs described, as well as their chemistry and chemical structures. A review of analytical methods for determining the examined drugs in their pure forms, most dosage forms, and in biological fluids is also included. The suggested work’s objectives were presented at the conclusion of this section.
Part II: This part fall into three chapters:
Chapter I: Utility of Gold Nanoparticles for Spectrofluorimetric and Spectrophotometric Determination of Ceftobiprole in Dosage form and Biological Fluids.
Two simple, fast and novel fluorometric and spectrophotometric strategies were examined for the measure of ceftobiprole (CEF) utilizing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). On spectrofluorimetric technique, gold nanoparticles were utilized as a fluorescence probe. The expansion of CEF to Au-NPs arrangement caused significant quenching of the emission band of Au-NPs, which was likely due to the complexation of the drug to gold NPs. Beneath the ideal conditions, the quenched fluorescence (FL) intensity was linear with the examined concentration. The quenching mechanism of CEF on the emission band of Au-NPs was clarified by Stern-Volmer law. The spectrophotometric technique was based on aggregation of synthesized gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles appeared retention at 522 nm. Upon interaction with the CEF, the band at 522 nm disappeared with formation of a new red shifted band at 625. Different experimental factors were optimized for higher sensitivity. The calibration curves were linear with concentration of 0.1-12 µg/mL for the examined drug. The methods were applied successfully to determine the studied drug in minor concentrations in pure form, pharmaceutical dosage form. And biological fluids(spiked human serum and urine samples).
Chapter II: Simultaneous determination of ceftazidime in three different pharmaceutical preparations combined with either tazobactam, tobramycin or sulbactam by HPTLC-Spectrodensitometric method
A new, simple HPTLC-Spectrodensitometric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of four antibacterial agents: ceftazidime (CEF), tazobactam (TAZ), tobramycin (TOB) and sulbactam (SUL). the four compounds were separated on TLC aluminium plates covered with silica gel60 F254, using chloroform-acetonitrile-methanol-ammonia (4:1:0.5:0.15, v/v/v/v) as a mobile phase at 254 nm. Linear correlation was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 12.0–72.0,2.0–12.0,3.0–18.0, and 10.0–50.0 µg mL-1 for CEF, TAZ, TOB, and SUL, respectively. The proposed approach is efficient, repeatable, and convenient as a flexible method for quality control of combinations of these pharmaceuticals in various pharmaceutical preparations, with high percent recoveries that are highly consistent with labelled data. When the resultss of the proposed technique were compared to those of the comparison methods, there were no significant differences in terms of accuracy and precision.
Chapter III: Development and statistical analysis of three colorimetric charge transfer complexes for estimation of Ceftobiprole drug in pharmaceutical dosage form
Through the creation of colored charge transfer complexes of ceftobiprole a low-cost, sensitive, and verified method is developed for ceftobiprole determination. Among these reactions is one in which ceftobiprole, acting as the n-donor, reacts with iodine (I2), tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (CL), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), acting as the n-acceptor, and produces colorful and stable anions that can be detected spectrophotometrically. The range for ceftobiprole with all of the investigated reagents that complied with Beer’s rule is 30-180 µg mL-1. The numerous reaction-affecting parameters were investigated and optimized. A statistical comparison of the findings to a previously described approach revealed similar precision and accuracy. The studied methods were applied to accurately identify the specified medication in its pharmaceutical form.