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Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Inflammation is a pathological response of living tissue to injuries which acts to remove and repair damaged tissues or to neutralize harmful agents. Inflammation process is usually accompanied with many symptoms of redness, swelling, warmth, pain and loss of function. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) is a well known NSAID with a potent analgesic and moderate anti inflammatory activity. It was reported that KT produces its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis. PGs possess potent gastric antiulcer properties independent of their known inhibitory effects on acid secretion. Administration of KT by oral route causes many gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, like nausea, vomiting, gastric irritation, peptic ulceration and bleeding that limit its clinical use. GI side effects produced by KT oral dosage forms are either due to direct contact (local) or indirect effect (systemic) of the drug on the gastrointestinal mucus membrane. In the light of these side effects associated with the oral use of KT, it was proposed to formulate various sublingual dosage forms of KT, as the sublingual dosage forms of NSAIDs have been explored as a potential methods to avoid the GI side effects that may occur by direct contact of drug with gastric mucosa when these drugs are administered orally. Consequently, the overall GI side effects of these drugs will be reduced