الفهرس 
Effect of fertilization in contaminated soil with aflatoxin on its sorption and bioavailability in soil and plant in Egypt and Kenya
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Abstract
Soil is the original home of Aspergillus flavus, the fungus responsible for the synthesis of aflatoxin. Maize is an important crop in Africa. Unfortunately, maize is subjected to pre- and post-harvest infection with aflatoxins, which can be highly toxic and carcinogenic. Crops can be infected by mycotoxins either as parasites on resident plants or during post-harvest storage of plants. Outbreaks of acute poisons to humans often arise with maize in particular. Aflatoxin is not only dangerous to health, but its occurrence is a major economic problem that causes significant financial losses and business problems. Objectives of the study included: 1 - Determination of soil properties and aflatoxin contamination in some Egyptian soils. 2- Studying the effect of different types of fertilizers on removing aflatoxin contamination from soil. 3- Investigating the effect of different fertilizers on corn plants grown in aflatoxin-contaminated soils. In this thesis, the effect of different types of fertilizers on the availability of aflatoxins (in soil and corn plants) is studied. In the first part, a soil analysis survey was conducted. Soil samples were collected from six different governorates in Egypt, including El-Beheira, El-Gharbia, El-Sharqia, BeniSuef and El-Giza. Then in the second part, a laboratory adsorption experiment was conducted, and two greenhouse experiments were conducted over two seasons. The main results obtained during this study can be summarized as follows: The results of identifying fungi that produce aflatoxins in different soil samples collected from six different Egyptian governorates showed that both fungi that produce carcinogenic aflatoxins (specifically: Aspergillus was not flavus and Aspergillus parasites) were present in soil samples as indicated by the negative results obtained. The results of the laboratory adsorption experiment regarding the effect of different fertilizer treatments on the retention of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) in the soil through adsorption showed that compared with the unfertilized treatment, all other treatments were able to retain aflatoxins in the soil in high proportions. The fertilizer treatments that showed the highest absorption rates of aflatoxin in the soil were “bio + organic + mineral”, followed by “organic + mineral” and “bio + mineral”. On the other hand, the ”bio-fertilizer” treatment recorded the lowest adsorption rate, indicating that it was higher than the ”non-fertilizer” treatment. With regard to the effect of different treatments on growth parameters, nutrients and chemical composition of corn plants, the results showed with regard to the fresh weight of the sprouts, the results indicate that the growth parameters of the plant decreased with an increase in aflatoxin concentration from (C1 = 320 ppb) to (C2 = 640 ppb). ) compared to the control. Also, treatments with different fertilizers led to an improvement in plant growth parameters and an increase in the proportions of major and minor elements compared to the control. As for the results of aflatoxin, no levels of aflatoxin were recorded in the plant parts at the end of the experiment. As for the soil, the experiment showed that the results obtained during the greenhouse experiment are compatible with those obtained from the laboratory experiment. Similarly, the results showed that compared to the unfertilized treatment, all other treatments were able to retain aflatoxins in the soil at high rates. On the other hand, the “bio-fertilizer” and ”Min + Bio” treatment recorded the lowest adsorption rate indicating that it was higher than the “non-fertilizer” treatment