الفهرس 
Uncovering the molecular aspect of the pregnancy maintenance in dromedary camels
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Abstract
A proper regulated dialogue between the endometrium and conceptus (embryonic disc and extra-embryonic
tissues) is required for successful implantation and pregnancy. The present thesis aimed to (I) investigate the
dynamic expression pattern of genes related to implantation and vascularization, and (II) shed light on the
molecular interactions among left & right uterine horns, as well as uterine body in pregnant dromedary camels.
For this, 40 genital tracts and blood samples were collected from slaughterhouse during the breeding season
(November, 2020 to March, 2021). Moreover, total RNA isolation, RT-PCR for candidate genes, and measuring
of steroid hormones in serum was performed. Results showed that insulin like growth factor (IGF1), vascular
endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), FOS as well as JUN proto-oncogenes mRNAs were up-regulated
(P<0.001) in the pregnant groups compared to non-pregnant ones. Interestingly, integrin subunit beta 4 (ITGB4),
FOS, IGF1 and placental growth factor (PGF) transcripts were increased (P<0.001) in the right uterine horn of
the pregnant groups compared to non-pregnant. Moreover, JUN, solute carrier organic anion transporter family
member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), VEGFA and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) genes were highly upregulated (P<0.001) in uterine body, left and right uterine horns of the pregnant groups vs. non–pregnant. Platelet
derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA) was up-regulated (P<0.001) in left and right uterine horns of the
pregnant groups vs. non–pregnant. Apoptosis regulator (BCL2) increased (P<0.001) in the uterine body of the
pregnant groups vs. non–pregnant. In serum, the levels of progesterone and estradiol 17-β increased in pregnant
she-camels compared to non-pregnant ones. In the pregnant she-camels the histological examination revealed
hypertrophy of the uterine myometrium, abundant of dilated blood vessels and thickening of the walls. In
addition, right and left uterine horn of pregnant she-camels showed normal increasing glands especially in the
left one and less fibrous stroma vs. the non-pregnant. Taken together, a precise regulation of genes associated
with endometrial receptivity and placental formation is required for a proper embryonic implantation in pregnant
she-camels.