الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bladder cancer incidence varies widely throughout the world. Cigarette smoking and certain occupational and industrial exposures are established as the most important risk factors for bladder cancer, but risk factors in other parts of the world may be different. In Egypt, bladder cancer has been the most common cancer during the past 50 years. In 2002, Egypt’s world-standardized bladder cancer incidence was 37/100,000, representing approximately 30,000 new cases each yea. Interestingly, the most common histopathological type of bladder cancer in Egypt has been squamous cell carcinoma, constituting from 59% to 81% of reported bladder cancers between 1960 and 1980. Bladder cancer in Egypt has significantly changed within the last 26 years. The decreasing relative frequency of bladder cancer and the decline in SCC are indicative of changes in exposures related to bladder cancer induction; the recent opening of cancer centers in North and South Egypt cannot explain these differences. Reductions in schistosomal infection and increases in cigarette smoking and chemical exposures related to occupational hazards have resulted in a temporary unique situation. The present study was a retrospective study aimed to determine the clinic-pathological characteristics of bladder squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed on cystoscopic bladder biopsies or resections among patients with non-metastatic bladder cancer who attending to South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut Universality, Assiut, Egypt. This study included 62 patients with non metastatic bladder cancer in the period from the 1st of January 2008 up to the end of December 2018 The mean age of the study cases was 57.21 ± 7.44 years and ranged from 40 up to 70 years old, 12 patients (19.4%) aged less than 50 years old, 20 patients (32.3%) with age ranged 50 – 59 years, and 30 patients (4.4%) aged ≥ 60 years. The majority of the study cases (77.4%) were males versus 14 cases (22.6%) were female with male to female ratio of 3.4:1. Fifty-one cases (82.3%) were rural residents, and 11 cases (17.7%) were urban residents Five cases (8.1%) were active smokers, and 16 cases (25.8%) have positive history of bilharzial infestation. A total 16 patients (25.8%) complicated with renal impairment, while no case complicated with hydronephrosis. Regarding to the recurrence status among our study cases; six cases (9.7%) developed disease recurrence during the follow up period. The recurrence rate wasn’t affected by the type of management. During the follow up period 11 cases died giving an overall mortality rate among our study cases of 17.7%.