الفهرس 
A novel transformation system, based on laser micro puncturing beam and gene coated gold particles in wheat
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Abstract
We report new transfection methods for intact plant cells that uses laser beam to introduce foreign gene-coated gold nanoparticles into wheat mature embryos cells (Triticum aestivum) through the cell wall and cell membrane. This homemade setup secures the transformation of as many as 30 mature embryo derived calli in less than one hour using second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser at 532nm(150mW) with two dimensional translation stages, a suitable computer program and a proper optical system. Seven days old calli were irradiated by a focused laser microbeam to puncture momentarily made self healing holes ({uF07E}0.5 æm) in the cell wall and membrane to allow uptake of foreign genes coated gold nanoparticles. The plant expression vector PBI-121 harboring the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) under the control of 35-S promoter and nos terminator and the neomycin phosphotransferase-II gene (npt-II) as a selectable marker for the herbicide kanamycin sulfate resistance. Treated wheat tissue samples were then cultured for several weeks on the selection medium