الفهرس 
Effect of glucagon like peptide-1 analogue (exendin-4) and metformin on cognitive functions in type 2 diabetic male rats; possible modulation of visfatin and brain derived neurotrophic factor
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Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the changes in cognitive functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), either not treated or treated with metformin antidiabetic drug, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue: exendin-4 (Ex-4) or both and to identify the possible underlying mechanisms and whether the brain BDNF and brain visfatin are involved. T2DM resulted in a negative impact on cognitive functions may be through central and peripheral inflammatory mechanisms, induction of a state of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration, downregulation of BDNF expression and synaptophysin immunoexpression in brain tissue in addition to the direct deleterious effects of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Upregulation of visfatin with induction of T2DM in the current study could be a compensatory mechanism aiming to reverse these harmful effects of T2DM. Treatment of T2DM with metformin and/or exendin-4 significantly reversed effects of T2DM on the measured parameters and partially restored cognitive functions