الفهرس 
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Abstract
• This trial was conducted at the Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition Department. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University to investigated the effect of different levels of lignocellulose (LC) without or with Bacillus subtilis supplementation on growth performance, blood hematological parameters and immune response, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, litter quality and expression of some genes related to growth and immune response on broiler chickens.
• Two hundred and forty, one-day old Avian broiler chicks were used in this experiment. The broiler chicks were randomly allotted into 6 equal groups (40 chicks/group), each group consisted of 2 replicates containing 20 birds per replicate and fed on the designed experimental diets for six weeks experimental period. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were fed on the basal diet (BD) with LC inclusion at 0, 0.5%, and 1% respectively. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were fed on the previously mentioned design with Bacillus subtilis supplementation.
The obtained results are summarized in the following:
• Dietary LC inclusion non-significantly (P≥0.05) lowered the body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broiler chicken. Meanwhile Bacillus subtilis supplementation improved the BW and BWG and enhanced effect of LC on the broilers chickens’ weight. The highest broilers final BW and TBWG were obtained when we fed diet contained Bacillus subtilis with 0.5% LC.
• Dietary inclusion of LC or Bacillus subtilis alone reduced the broiler feed intake. Meanwhile dietary LC with Bacillus subtilis supplementation elevated TFI. The lowest TFI was obtained when we fed diet contained 0.5% LC without Bacillus subtilis.
• The average FCR, PER, EEU and performance index (PI) was improved with dietary inclusion of LC (0.5% and 1.0%) with Bacillus subtilis. Groups fed 0.5% LC and Bacillus subtilis supplemented diet recorded the best FCR, PER, EEU and PI, meanwhile the worst values were with the control group.
• Bacillus subtilis supplementation of broiler chicken diet improved EPEF index. Inclusion of LC (0.5% and 1.0%) with Bacillus subtilis supplementation diet improved EPEF index. The highest EPEF index ratio was obtained when we fed 0.5% LC with Bacillus subtilis supplemented diet meanwhile, 1.0% LC revealed the lowest EPEF index.
• Inclusion of LC at 0.5 or 1.0% in broiler chicken diet with Bacillus subtilis supplementation had no significant (P≥0.5) effect on WBCs, RBCs, Hb% and PCV% compared to broiler chicken group fed on the same diet without Bacillus subtilis supplementation. Dietary inclusion of LC and / or Bacillus subtilis non-significantly elevated blood glucose level.
• Dietary inclusion of LC and / or Bacillus subtilis increased HDL and decreased LDL, VLDL and CHO/HDL. Chickens fed Bacillus subtilis supplemented diet with 0.5% LC inclusion recorded the best lipid profile (the cholesterol, TG LDL, VLDL and CHO/HDL were the lowest levels and the highest HDL).
• Kidney and liver function related enzymes showed no significant difference between groups except higher LC inclusion level with Bacillus subtilis supplementation significantly (P≤0.05) reduced serum GOT.
• Dietary inclusion of LC and Bacillus subtilis significantly (P<0.05) decreased lymphocyte but increased heterophil % (P≥0.05) and H/L ratio (P<0.05) which reflected on higher defense and immune response. The highest heterophil % and H/L ratio was obtained when we fed 0.5% LC with Bacillus subtilis supplemented diet.
• Dietary LC inclusion with Bacillus subtilis supplementation in broiler chicken diet had no significant effect on phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, lysosomal and bactericidal activity.
• Dietary inclusion of LC (0.5% and 1.0%) and / or Bacillus subtilis provoked the immune response of broiler against NDV with the best result obtained in birds fed 0.5% LC with Bacillus subtilis.
• Immune organ weight showed no difference between the experimental groups. group fed diet contain LC at level 1.0% recorded the highest thymus relative weight.
• LC and or Bacillus subtilis supplementation improved carcass traits of broiler (higher dressing percentage with lower abdominal fat % compared with control group). LC (0.5, 1.0%) with Bacillus subtilis majored the gizzard and proventriculus relative weight.
• LC inclusion at level (0.5% and 1.0%) with Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus subtilis alone improved the intestinal health of broiler. Broilers fed 1.0% LC plus Bacillus subtilis recorded the highest VH/ CD ratio indicating that, LC amplified the action of Bacillus subtilis.
• LC potentiate the effect of Bacillus subtilis supplementation in broilers diet in modulating intestinal micro flora (maintaining eubiosis), the highest beneficial bacterial count recorded in group fed 0.5 or 1.0% LC plus Bacillus subtilis.
• Inclusion of LC (0.5% and 1.0%) alone or with Bacillus subtilis supplementation had a positive influence on litter quality in chickens. The most effective results were recorded in birds fed 0.5% LC with or without Bacillus subtilis supplementation.
• Dietary inclusion of LC separately or with Bacillus subtilis supplementation enhanced the antioxidant, immune related gene expression with the best obtained result with 1.0% LC plus Bacillus subtilis supplementation.