الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disorder which is a group of metabolic or heterogeneous affliction resulting from an irregularity in insulin secretion and insulin action or both consistent with derangement in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Thus, the impaired insulin secretion and action in turn lead to persistent abnormally high blood glucose level and glucose intolerance. characteristically, the disease is responsible for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, renal failure, blindness, or diabetic cataract.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of some fruit peels on mice with diabetes caused by alloxan.
Materials and methods
Forty white male albino rats weighting between 150 – 160g were used in this study. Diabetes was induced in normal healthy albino rats by intraperitoneal of alloxan (150mg/kg body weight).
All rats were fed on control diet for 7 days before the beginning of experiment for adaptation. The rats were divided into 8 group (5 rats in each group). The groups of rats were as follows:
group (1): Rats fed on basal diet only, as a control negative (-ve) (5 rats).
group (2): diabetes rats group injected by alloxan a dose of 150mg per kg of rat’s body weight and used as a positive control group (+ve) (5 rats).
group (3): A group injected diabetic fed on pomegranate peel as powder by 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
group (4): A group injected diabetic fed on pomegranate peel as powder by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (5): A group injected diabetic fed on banana peel as powder by 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
group (6): A group injected diabetic fed on banana peel as powder by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (7): A group injected diabetic fed on orange peel as powder by 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
group (8): A group injected diabetic fed on orange peel as powder by 5% of the weight of the diet.
At the end of experiment (28 days), the blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting and serum was separated for determination of:
Glucose, Lipid profile Cholesterol (T.C), tri-glycerides (T.G), high density lipoprotein (H.D.L-C), low density lipoprotein (L.D.L-C), very low density lipoprotein (V.L.D.L-C), and Liver function (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (G.O.T), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (G.P.T), and alkaline phosphatase (A.L.P), Kidney function (creatinine, uric acid and urea) At the same time, the organs: liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, spleen and lung were removed, washed in saline solution, dried by filter paper, weighted, liver and kidney stored frozen in formalin solution 10% for histopathological examination.
Statistical analysis:-
The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized costat program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean± SD. Differences between treatments at (P ≥ 0.05) were considered significant.
6-1 change of body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of diabetic rats fed diet supplemented with pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on diabetic rats:
1) The body weight gain (BWG) % of control negative group recorded the highest value compared with positive group with significant differences.
2) The highest (BWG) % recorded for 5% orange peel while the lowest (BWG) recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences.
3) Feed intake (FI) % of control negative group recorded the highest value compared with positive group with significant differences.
4) 5% orange peel recorded the highest (FI), while the lowest value recorded for 2.5% banana peel with significant differences.
5) Feed efficiency ratio (FER) of control negative group recorded the highest value compared with positive group with significant differences.
6) The highest (FER) recorded for 5% orange peel while the lowest (BWG) recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences.
6-2 Change of organs weight in the diabetic rats fed diet supplemented with pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on diabetic rats:
1) Liver weight of control positive group recorded the lowest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
2) While, group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel recorded the highest liver weight while the lowest value recorded for the 2.5% orange peel the mean values were 3.33 and 2.66g, respectively.
3) Kidney weight of control positive group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
4) While, group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel and 5% banana peel recorded the highest kidney weight with significant differences while the lowest value recorded for the 5% pomegranate peel, 2.5% banana peel and 5% orange peel with significant differences the mean values were 0.73 and 0.7 g, respectively.
5) Heart weight of control positive group recorded the lowest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
6) While, group fed on 2.5% banana peel recorded the highest heart weight while the lowest value recorded for the 2.5% pomegranate peel and 2.5% orange peel with significant differences the mean values were 0.4and 0.3g, respectively.
7) Spleen weight of control positive group recorded the lowest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
8) While, group fed on 2.5% banana peel recorded the highest spleen weight while the lowest value recorded for the 2.5% orange peel the mean values were 0.86 and0.43 g, respectively.
9) Lung weight of control positive group recorded the lowest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
10)While, group fed on 5% banana peel recorded the highest lung weight while the lowest value recorded for the 5% orange peel the mean values were 0.767 and 0.533 g, respectively.
11) Pancreases weight of control positive group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
12) While, group fed on 5% banana peel recorded the highest pancreases weight while the lowest value recorded for the 2.5% pomegranate peel the mean values were 0.533 and 0.367 g, respectively.
6-3 Effect of pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on glucose level on diabetic rats:
1) The highest glucose level recorded for positive control group, while the lowest level recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2) Rats fed on 5% orange peel recorded the lowest glucose level with significant differences. The mean value was 82.667 mg/gl.
3) While, the higher glucose level in diabetic rats recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences. The mean value was 135 mg/gl.
6-4 Effect of pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on liver functions (ALT, AST, and ALP) of diabetic rats:
1) ALT liver enzyme of positive control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
2) The highest ALT liver enzyme of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 46 and 30.33 U/L, respectively.
3) AST liver enzyme of positive control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
4) The highest AST liver enzyme of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 199 and 138 U/L, respectively.
5) ALP liver enzyme of positive control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
6) The highest ALP liver enzyme of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 188 and 127 U/L, respectively.
6-5 Effect of pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on serum cholesterol and triglyceride of diabetic rats:
1) The triglyceride of positive control group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
2) While, the lowest triglyceride recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel while the highest value recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences. The mean values were 44 and 73 U/L, respectively.
3) The cholesterol levels of positive control group recorded the highest value when compared with control negative group with significant differences.
4) While, the lowest cholesterol levels recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel while the highest value recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences. The mean values were 63.667 and 83 U/L, respectively.
6-5 Effect of pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on serum lipid profiles of diabetic rats:
1) The HDL-c of negative control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group with significant differences.
2) While, the highest HDL-c treated group recorded for group fed on 5% orange peel while the lowest value recorded for 2.5% banana peel with significant differences. The mean values were 19.667 and 14.667 mg/dl, respectively.
3) The LDL-c of positive control rats group the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4) While, the highest LDL-c treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel while the lowest value recorded for 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 52.4 and 35.2 mg/dl, respectively.
5) The VLDL-c of positive control rats group the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
6) While, the highest VLDL-c treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% pomegranate peel while the lowest value recorded for 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 14.6 and 8.8 mg/dl, respectively.
6-6 Effect of pomegranate peel, banana peel and orange peel on kidney functions (Urea, Creatinine and Uric acid) of diabetic rats:
1) The urea level of positive control rats group the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
2) While, the highest urea level of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% orange peel while the lowest value recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel and 5% pomegranate peel with significant differences. The mean values were 47 and 31 mg/dl, respectively.
3) Creatinine of positive control rats group the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
4) While, the highest creatinine of treated group recorded for group fed on 5% banana peel while the lowest value recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel with significant differences. The mean values were 0.767 and 0.6 mg/dl, respectively.
5) The uric acid level of positive control rat’s groups the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant differences.
6) While, the highest Uric acid level of treated group recorded for group fed on 2.5% banana peel while the lowest value recorded for 2.5% pomegranate peel and 5% orange peel with significant differences. The mean values were 47 and 31 mg/dl, respectively.