الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Liver is the largest organ inside our body. It helps our body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. There are many kinds of liver diseases:
Diseases caused by viruses, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
Diseases caused by drugs, poisons, or too much alcohol. Examples include fatty liver disease and cirrhosis.
Liver cancer.
Symptoms of liver disease can vary, but they often include swelling of the abdomen and legs, bruising easily, changes in the color of your stool and urine, and jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes. Sometimes there are no symptoms.
Propolis is a natural substance collected by honeybees from various plants to be used for sealing cracks and crevices occurring in their hives. Originally, it as an antiseptic meant for preventing beehive from microbial infections. Additionally, propolis has been used in medicine for centuries such as liver problems, diabetes, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cold sores, and swelling and sores inside the mouth; it’s also used for burns, canker sores. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis such as, phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, essential oils, waxes, and amino acids.
This study was conducted to study the effect of propolis and beeswax powder on hepatic rats induced by CCl4. The effects of propolis, beeswax and their mixture (2.5% and 5%) as a powder on hepatic rats were evaluated on biological, biochemical, and histological changes of hepatic male albino rats. Some physiological characteristics such as (serum lipid profile, liver functions, kidney functions, serum glucose levels, antioxidant and oxidant enzymes, body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio) in tested albino rats were also measured.
Rats were injected subcutaneously at a dose of 0.2 ml/100 g body weight of 40 ml/l CCl4 dissolved in paraffin oil. Carbon tetrachloride was injected three times per week for 4 consecutive weeks. Liver fibrosis was determined at the end of experimental by killing rats with histopathological examination.
Forty-eight adult male white albino, 10 weeks age, weighting (150±10 g) was used in this experiment. All rats were fed on standard diet for 7 days for adaptation.
Rats were randomly divided into two main groups.
The first group, negative control group (n = 6), fed standard diet only.
The second main group hepatic rats (n=42).
Hepatic rats were divided into 7 sub-groups (6 rats each) according to the following:
Sub-group 1: Positive control, fed standard diet only.
Sub-group 2: Fed standard diet replaced with 2.5% of propolis powder.
Sub-group 3: Fed standard diet replaced with 5% of propolis powder.
Sub-group 4: Fed standard diet replaced with 2.5% of beeswax powder.
Sub-group 5: Fed standard diet replaced with 5% of beeswax powder.
Sub-group 6: Fed standard diet replaced with 2.5% mixture of propolis and beeswax powder.
Sub-group 7: Fed standard diet replaced with 5% mixture of propolis and beeswax powder.
During the experimental period, the body weight and feed intake were estimated weekly and general behavior of rats was observed.