الفهرس 
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Abstract
Ocular trauma is the most frequent reason for unilateral blindness in children, particularly in underdeveloped nations. As efficient methods for prevention and treatment are created, ocular trauma is receiving increasing attention from researchers throughout the world. Ocular trauma is undoubtedly disabling and costs both the person and society significantly.
Due to their underdeveloped motor abilities and low common sense, children are more prone to eye injuries. They also have a natural curiosity and are frequently seen imitating without thinking about the potential consequences. Children’s ocular injuries present unique challenges for diagnosis and treatment since primary evaluations of young patients who are uncooperative can be quite problematic. Along with this, amblyopia development, poor treatment compliance, and an exacerbated ocular inflammatory response in youngsters might make the postoperative course more challenging.
The epidemiology of eye injuries varies around the globe and among age groups, and it is influenced by a variety of variables, such as lifestyle choices, socioeconomic level, traffic conditions, participation in sports and creative activities, and the methods used to register and collect data. Approximately 500,000 eye injuries result in blindness worldwide.
Ocular trauma was classified according to type, mode and nature of injury, tissue involvement and the most commonly used the ocular trauma classification system classifying it mainly into open and closed eye injuries.
An Ocular Trauma Classification group was established in 1997 to standardize the description of mechanical eye injuries and to relate the appropriate care of the real clinical condition. The Brimingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS) was created after the group evaluated trauma classification systems in general and ophthalmology.
Next, The Ocular Trauma Classification group created the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS), which is employed to forecast patients’ visual prognoses following open-globe ocular trauma.
The present study was conducted to report different forms of pediatric ocular trauma and their management. This prospective non-comparative non-randomized interventional study included 104 eye of 103 patients who were subjected to complete history , full examination, surgical or medical treatment and finally to report the final visual outcome after 6 months of follow up.
The study included ocular trauma below age of 16 years and showed a median age of 6 years. considerably more males (67 cases, 65%) were injured than females (36 cases, 35%). Home was the primary location for eye injuries. (n: 58, 56%).
The majority of eye injuries were brought on by blunt items (n: 57, 55.3%), followed by sharp objects (n: 31, 30.1%). Open globe injuries (OGI) were discovered to be the most prevalent kind of eye damage (n: 78, 75.7%), Closed globe injuries (CGI) accounted for 25 injury (24.3%). The most common lesion was corneal wound (50.5%) and 35.3% of OGI were associated with cataract. 10 cases had medical treatment (9.7%), 93 cases (90.3%) had immediate surgical intervention.
In our study 19.4% of the injured children restored a good sight, and 43.7% of patients reached a final vision of 0.1 or less.
Between the first and second follow-up, the visual acuity did not significantly alter (P value =0.059) or between the second and third follow up (P value=0.066). There was significant improvement of visual acuity between the first and third follow up (P value =0.011).
There was no significant decrease of visual acuity with increase the period of time between the incident and the presentation to the hospital (P values: poor vs moderate =0.083, poor vs high =0.067, moderate vs high =0.299).
There was significant increase of visual acuity with increase of grade of OTS (P value , grade 2= 0.0001, grade 3= 0.007).
The best trauma therapy is preferable to prevention in paediatric ocular trauma. With planning and careful parental oversight, many childhood injuries may be avoided. It is necessary to educate both parents and kids about the risks associated with purchasing particular toys and the importance of considering a child’s age and maturity level.
As seen in our study and previous Egyptian studies, projectile toys and air guns have the potential to cause serious and irreversible ocular injury, so it is crucial to avoid them. If a toy is inappropriate for children under a specific age, the manufacturer must prominently show warnings.
Public awareness efforts about ocular trauma are required, as are the identification and mitigation of particular risks.
Long-term follow up of children is important for treating complications, and bigger sample sizes are required for more evaluation and documentation.
More investigative tools especially for evaluating vision at younger age were required for more valuable results.
For the prompt management of ocular trauma, health services must be improved by giving them access to facilities and equipment. adequate instruction in how to handle various eye traumas.