الفهرس 
Behavioral and physiological indicators of pain during nociceptive procedures among mechanically ventilated patients
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Abstract
Pain is an experience based on complex interaction of physical and psychological processes. It has been defined as un pleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain acts usually as warning to protect the body from damage and serves as essential for survival. It is important to realize that pain not only activation of nociception but also sensory experiences and associated with activation of behavior (Shankman & Manske, 2014). Critical care patients have many aspects that could potentially control the processing of nociceptive stimulus such as severity of their critical illness. Critical care unit environment could impact patients experience of pain such as mechanical ventilation and decreased level of consciousness (Urden , Stacy & Lough ,2013). Critically ill patients exhibit moderate to severe pain through their stay in the intensive care units (ICUs).There are multiple sources contributing to this pain include disease and routine nursing procedures. Care related pain is a concept includes painful procedures such as endotracheal suctioning for patients on mechanical ventilation (Ayasrah ,O{u2018}Neill, Abdalrahim, Sutary, & Kharabsheh, 2014)