الفهرس 
Title: Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (tones)
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Although endonasal approaches are highly expanded, they have limitations in dealing with some skull base lesions, including the inability to perform microsurgical dissection with complex lesions, access to the anterior cranial fossa laterally over the orbits away from the midline, and limited working space when multiple surgeons are working. The orbits appear to offer an excellent portal for endoscopic access to the skull base and adjacent craniofacial regions. Operating through the orbits might eliminate some of the challenges of the currently used transnasal approaches. Methods: This study included 10 sides of dry skulls and 10 sides of frozen cadavers upon which transorbital endoscopic dissection was performed to evaluate the feasibility of these new approaches as an adjuvant technique to endoscopic transnasal approach of skull base surgery and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this approach, and to describe our initial experience with this new approach. Results: Anatomical orientation of the orbit, skull base and adjacent craniofacial region appeared very easy during transorbital endoscopic dissection on the dry skull first then during our meticulous dissection on frozen cadavers. We expected no major complications should happen to patients underwent to TONES. Conclusion: All transorbital endoscopic approaches to skull base are feasible, direct, effective and expected to be safe surgery. However, we need to conduct these approaches on life patients starting with minimal pathology as complicated sinusitis, fibro-osseous lesions and C.S.F. leak