الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The profession of a pharmacist is highly demanding, and pharmacist plays an important
role in achieving goals of treatment plans and management of disease outcomes, Pharmacy
profession witnessed a transition from dispensing medication to reaching the effective
treatment in co-operation with other members of the healthcare team and due to the increased
responsibilities, pharmacists are prone to work related stress.
Pharmacists are exposed to specific stress factors as : Patients are more demanding, Too
many patients, Loss of patient confidence, Fear of dispensing wrong medication, Fear of
competition, Not well recognized by other health professionals, Future career uncertainty,
Deterioration of work quality, Required target in some community pharmacies, Frequent
interruption, Too many paper work, Salary not representative, Overwhelmed, Not supported
by Colleagues/Managers, Bulling, Dissatisfied with work atmosphere, Lack of supplies, Long
distance between home and work.
Studying occupational stress associated co-morbidities is as important as studying
causative factors, such as anxiety, depression, sleeping quality, burnout and substance use,
these co-morbidities are of serious effect on pharmacist’s general health that may lead to
ineffectiveness of the service provided to patients and may affect patients’ health badly and in
a lethal manner.
Aim of the study
The aim of this study is to assess occupational stress (regarding its prevalence, degree,
contributing factors, whether patient related or pharmacy related or job related) and
consequences (as anxiety, depression, medication use and burnout) among pharmacists in
Alexandria, Egypt.
The most important findings of our study:
1. Perceived stress: 51% low and 49% high stress level.
2. Anxiety: 17.4% normal, 38% borderline and 44% abnormal anxiety level.
3. Depression: 43% normal, 30.4% borderline and 26.6% abnormal depression level.
4. Sleeping Quality: 29.9% good sleeping quality, 70.1% bad sleeping quality.
5. Burnout: 15% no/low, 69.1% moderate, 11.9% high burnout level.
Materials and Methods:
a- Settings:
The study was conducted among Practicing licensed pharmacists in different
pharmacies presenting the different health sectors in Alexandria districts, Egypt namely:
Ministry of health hospitals.
University hospitals.
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Medical insurance hospitals.
Medical care organization hospitals.
Community pharmacies.
b- Study Design:
Our study is a descriptive cross‐sectional survey which was performed on 602
pharmacists from different health sectors in Alexandria districts, Egypt.
c- Pilot study:
A self-completion questionnaire was administered to a sample of 27 pharmacists in Alexandria,
Egypt. In the tested questionnaire, pharmacists were asked to provide feedback on the design of the
questionnaire, its relevance, and the flow of individual questions between sections.
d- Sample size Calculation:
A sample size of 530 pharmacists was performed using NCSS 2004/ PASS 2000
software.
e- Data collection
A self‐completion questionnaire will be administered to pharmacists
The questionnaire consisted of seven sections:
1. Socio-demographic characteristics and habits of respondents.
2. Work-related stress that was assessed by perceived stress scale (PSS-10).
3. Potential causes of work-related stress.
4. Anxiety and depression were assessed through the Hospital and Anxiety scale (HADS)
questionnaire.
5. Medical consultation and Medication use.
6. Sleeping quality that was assessed by Pittsburgh sleeping quality index (PSQI).
7. Burnout that was assessed by Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI).
Sections were evaluated separately each section through its scale.
f- Sampling
Stratified random sampling with proportionate allocation was used as it is multi-center
survey, pharmacists’ responses were collected from the eight districts of Alexandria
g- Statistical analysis
Data analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ver.20 Chicago,
IL, USA). The distributions of quantitative variables (total score) tested for normality
using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables described using mean,
standard deviation or median, range. Qualitative variables described using
frequency and percent.
Mann Whitney U used to compare quantitative parameters between 2 groups, while
Kruskall Wallis used to compare quantitative parameters between more than 2 groups.
Correlation between quantitative variables done using Spearman correlation tests.
Pearson Chi square test used for association between categorical variables
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Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for prediction of factors affecting
stress, sleeping quality and burnout, while Multiple linear regression was used for
prediction of factors affecting anxiety and depression. Multiple response analysis used
for questions which might have more than one response. In all statistical tests, level of
significance of .05 used.