الفهرس 
Stages of Iron DeficiencyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the essential trace metals in the human body,
which is found in the active centers of many enzymes and oxygen
carrier proteins. Iron is utilized by most living cells and organisms for
essential biochemical functions such as oxygen transfer, DNA repair,
metabolic and enzymatic activities
Since anemia is the most important indicator of iron deficiency,
the terms ID and IDA are often used interchangeably. However, iron
deficiency may develop in the absence of anemia and the tissues may
be affected from this condition. Iron deficiency is manifested in
different stages. If iron requirement is below intake, iron stores are
reduced primarily. After the iron stroes are reduced, hemoglobin
levels may stay normal for a while which means that iron deficiency is
observed in the absence of anemia. At this time, only plasma ferritin
level and plasma transferrin saturation are reduced. Negative iron
balance which continues after iron stores are exhausted is manifested
with decreased hemoglobin. Conclusively, reduced body iron stores
has been defined as ID and worsening of this condition and
development of anemia is defined as IDA.
Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a widespread public health
problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The World
Health Organization (WHO) estimates globally that " ~ "273 million
young children under 5 years are anemic, among which " ~ "50% are
estimated to suffer from iron deficiency
The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of iron
deficiency among a representative sample of children aged from 6
Summary
90
months to 11 years and its impact on growth in Shebin Elkom district,
Menoufia governorate.
This study was performed on 200 children aged 6months to 11
years attended outpatient clinic at Menoufia insurance Hospitals
within a period from January 2021 to January 2022. Patients were
subjected to history taking, clinical evaluation, and laboratory
investigations including HB, s.ferrtine and crp were collected,
tabulated and statistically analyzed
The study group were Divided into two groups:
group A: preschool age(6months:5years)
group B: school age(5years:11years)
Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height were
measured for all children.
Z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) for
children less than 10 years, and weight-for-height (WHZ) for children
less than 5 years, Body mass index (BMI) for age for the children
aged equal or more than 5 years. Nutritional status was defined as
underweight if WAZ was less than −2 standards deviation (SD),
stunting if HAZ was less than -2SD, and wasting if WHZ was less
than -2SD
from the results of our study we concluded that prevalence of
IDA is more common in infants aged 6 months to 2 years representing
70 % of total age group prevalence of IDA is more common in infants
aged 6 months to 2 years representing 70 % of total age group.
Prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency was 18% &15% in
preschool and school age respectively in preschool age, anemic
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children with underweight were 90% of total underweight cases with
significant P value 0.0004.
There was statiscal association between iron status and height /
length for age in preschool age, p value 0.025 according to BMI in
school age, there was statiscal association with iron status, p value
0.038 while overweight &obese anemic children were about 30% of
iron status but didn‘t reach a significant level.
So we highly recommend early screening of ID in first two
years of life & annual screening of ID for older children & this
screening must be done by both Hb & s.ferrtine
Also, Weaning must be with healthy and fortified food to
decrease Iron deficiency and its complications in infant stage.&
Pregnant and lactating mother and infants more than 6 months should
receive prophylactic dose of oral iron.