الفهرس 
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Abstract
This research aims to develop the efficiency of the successful dyna- sand
filter methodology as a direct filtration for surface water to meet a high
pollution without any problems in the operation and maintenance.
The researcher worked on a pilot was made at laboratory of sanitary
engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Sham University. where the current
efficiency of the pilot was studied to remove different loads of turbidity with
varying filtration rates to determine the extent of the ability of this system to
meet the different loads of pollutants from surface water sources in order to
benefit from its advantages as a direct filtration, which saves in space and
construction, operation and maintenance cost.
The results showed that, this system is not suitable to meet high loads of
suspended solids above 50 mg/l with rate of filtration 150m3
/m2
/d, and with
any increase in suspended solids or rate of filtration, the efficiency decreases,
reaching 70-80%, which indicates that it is not possible to apply as a direct
nomination.
Therefore, the pilot was developed using a dual filter media of sand and
anthracite coal in different ratios, and it was applied to the same loads of
suspended solids and filtration rates previously used, where the results reached
the validity of the modified filter to meet the high loads of turbidity with a
maximum of 150mg/l of suspended solids, with efficiency of removal of
turbidity 93-94% in the case of using a filter media with ratio 4 sand : 1
anthracite coal with rate of filtration 250m3
/m2
/d, and when the ratio of a coal
to sand is doubled, the efficiency of removal turbidity increased only 1% for
the first ratio, which gave an indication that there was no need for this increase.
After the success of the practical application of the development, the
mathematical model of the pilot was modified to include the effect of changing
the filter media, where a mathematical equation was produced that introduce
the effect of the double filter media into consideration to represent the modified
dyna-sand filter.