الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. The main objective of this study was to identify and characterize the alfalfa mosaic virus in several hosts, to introduce an easy, fast and economic tool for detection of AMV.
2. Four isolates of AMV were isolated from natural infected potato, alfalfa and tomato plant during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons in Alexandria and EL-Behaira Governments.
3. Additionally, to classify the obtained viral isolates based on the sequence of the viral RNA compared with the other isolated AMV published in GenBank.
4. Host range studies using different genera and species belonging to 4 families Amarantaceae, Chenopodaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae) revealed that the reactions of different hosts varied according to the tested isolate virus.
5. AMV-1 could be transmitted mechanically and by two aphid species. Efficiency of aphid transmission varied according to the aphid species.
6. Ultraviolet absorption spectrum for AMV-1 preparation was typical for nucleoproteins and the average ratios A260/280, A280/260 and Amax/min were 1.54, 0.64 and 1.65 respectively. The yield of purified virus was 2.8 mg/100 g infected tissues.
7. Polyclonal antiserum of AMV-1 was prepared and the titers of the antiserum were 1:64000 and 1:64000 in the first and second weeks of blood withdraw as determined using indirect ELISA.
8. Cytopathological effects using transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed partially degradation and deformation of chloroplast, mitochondrial degeneration, formation of cytoplasmic bridge, destruction of chloroplast grana and thylakoids.
9. Detection of the AMV-1 in different organ of infected N.glutinosa by DBIA and TBIA indicated the possibility of this methods of processing for virus detection.
10. Coat protein CP was cloned and sub cloned in expression vector to investigate whether it is expressed or not, this study addressed the possibility of using in vitro expressed AMV-CP fusion protein to produce specific antiserum AMV and their application for serological diagnostic tests.
11. Amplified RT-PCR products of coat protein genes of AMV-1, AMV-2, AMV and AMV-4 isolates were purified and sequenced. The sequences were edited using chromas Pro Version 1.34 software and compared with previously described sequences of several strains of these isolates in the GenBank database. Sequences of our isolates were translated into amino acid sequences and comparison with other corresponding strains proteins were carried out.
12. Prepared chitosan nanoparticles have strong antiviral activity and can be applied in plant protection, such as elicitor particles to induce resistance to systemic acquisition (SAR) and management of plant viral diseases, was shown in protective and inactivation treatments to reduce the appearance of symptoms and increase the concentration of enzymes inducing systemic resistance acquired in treated plants, with ketosan such as phenylalanine ammonialase enzymes, pathogenesis relayed-1 and peroxidase.