الفهرس 
Title : ceptualizing urban adaptation to climate change in nile north delta using urban design strategies and techniques : Case study of Alexandria city
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Climate change poses considerable challenges to urban deltas, especially in coastal cities. The linkage between coastal communities and climate change has received increasing global attention over the last decades. Significantly, they face hydro-climatic threats such as rising sea levels, changing in storm surge frequency and magnitude, freshwater quantity and quality issues, and losing biodiversity, which affects most infrastructure and settlements. Furthermore, urban areas in deltas have particular sensitivities to extreme events due to the concentration of population, values, assets, and national economies. Thus, climate adaptation, especially in the developing world, represents a challenging new issue for urban planners, designers, and policy-makers; as coastal cities that are unable to cope with the challenges they face today will have even greater difficulty overcoming future challenges imposed by climate change. As a result, the importance of greater attention towards the adaptation strategies to climate change has been underlined by global reports and recommendations of agencies and institutions. Egypt has been classified as one of the top countries expected to be most impacted with one-meter sea-level rise resulting from global warming due to low elevation in the Nile Delta region. Moreover, the development of coastal cities in the Nile north Delta is changing faster than ever in a complex and uncontrolled pattern, with a high concentration of economic activities and services. The rapid urbanization in the coastal cities of the Nile Delta leads to increase the vulnerability to adverse climate consequences on the gross domestic product and natural resources, such as water resources, water quality, and agricultural land. In addition, urban waterfront faces environmental crises, such as shore erosion, salt-water intrusion, and soil salinity