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Abstract
End stage liver disease faces a global problem of severe shortage of high-quality donor organs as orthotopic liver transplantation is the only current treatment method. Tissue engineering aims to create transplantable liver grafts that can serve as substitutes for donor livers or bridge patients till transplantation. Current approaches in liver tissue engineering have yet to address the biliary component of the organ and hence fail to deliver a three-dimensional (3D) model that correctly mimics the native liver architecture. Biliary component of the liver architecture is composed of cholangiocytes that line the biliary ductules and are responsible for transporting and modifying the bile produced by hepatocytes. The major challenge in recreating the biliary drainage in an engineered construct has been the integration of bile canaliculi with the biliary ductular network and allowing the clearance of bile from the hepatocytes to the host duodenum