الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study implement out during the two successive seasons of 2019 and 2020 on Manfalouty pomegranate trees grown in a private at the Orchard located at El-Badary distinct, Assiut Governorate, Egypt, where the soil has a clay texture.
Experimental work:-
This experiment included two factors (A and B). The first factor involved the following four treatments from micronutrients and potassium silicate:
A1- Spraying with water (control).
A2- Spraying with fertilon compy at 150 ppm as a source of micronutrients.
A3- Spraying with fetrilon compy at 300 ppm as a source of micronutrients.
A4- Spraying with potassium silicate at 10%.
The second factor (B) comprised from the following five treatments from mineral, bio-forms, and organic nitrogen fertilization
B1- Applying the recommended nitrogen dose (RND) at 600 g N/tree via mineral source (check treatment, control).
B2- Applying RND at 75% organic plus 25% out of RND via mineral source.
B3- Applying RND at 25% mineral plus 25% organic + 50% bio (Azotin)
B4- Applying RND at 25% mineral plus 50% organic + 25% bio (Azotin).
B5- Applying RND at 33% mineral + 33% organic + 33% bio-form.
The bio-fertilizers were used by mixing them with moist sand before the application, added in soil holes around the trunk of the tree and then, directly irrigated after covering the holes with soil.
Therefore, the experiment involved 20 treatments (5x4). Each treatment was replicated three times, one tree per each. Therefore, 60 healthy trees with no visual nutrient deficiency symptoms were chosen and devoted to achieve this experiment.
Experimental design:-
Completely randomized block design in split plot arrangement was followed. The four treatments of spraying fertilizer occupied the main plots and the five treatments of nitrogen fertilization ranked the sub-plots.
The Following measurement were determined during the two studied seasons some of Vegative growth traite,yield components and fruit quality.
The data obtained during the two studied seasons could be summarized as following:
Shoot length was significantly affected by application of organic and biofertilization compared with using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RND) via mineral-N source. Using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RND) via 25% mineral-N plus 25 and 50% bio-form and 50 or 25 organic-N significantly increased the shoot length compared to using RND via mineral-N fertilizer (check treatment). No significant differences were observed on shoot length due to fertilization via either 25% mineral-N plus 75% organic-N compared to check treatment.
Also, shoot length was significantly affected by various spraying sources. Using fertilon compy as a micronutrients (A2 & A3) or potassium (A4) significantly increased the shoot length compared to spray water (check treatment, A1) during the first and second studied seasons.
The highest length shoot were obtained due to spray potassium silicate (A4) compared to spray water (check treatment, A1) during first and second studied seasons, respectively. No significant differences were observed on shoot length due to spray with fertilon compy at 150 ppm (A2) or 300 ppm (A3)
The interaction between the two studied factors on shoot length showed that potassium silicate spraying caused a significant increase the shoot length. Where, all combinations of potassium silicate spraying gave the highest values of shoot length. In other hand, all combination of water or fertilon compy at 150 ppm potassium spraying gave the least values of length shoot, compared to other studied combinations during the two studied seasons. At the same time, all combination of RND via 33% mineral-N plus 33% organic-N and 33 bio-form significantly increased the shoot length compared to other combinations during the two studied seasons. The maximum values of shoot length were found in trees fertilized with RND via thrice form combined potassium silicate spraying (N5A4) during the two studied seasons.
As, an overview, the results declared that the increasing the shoot length occurred due to using bio or organic accompanied with micronutrients or potassium silicate were more than improvement due to individual effects of either organic or bio-form as well as micronutrient or potassium silicate.
Leaf traits i.e. leaves number/m, leaf area and chlorophyll contents were significantly affected by application of organic and bio-fertilization compared with using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) via mineral-N source. Using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RND) via 25% mineral-N plus, 25 and 50 bio-form and 50 or 25 organic mineral-N increased significantly the leaf number/m, leaf area and chlorophyll contents compared to using RND via mineral-N fertilizer (check treatment). The highest number and area of leaf and leaf chlorophyll contents were recorded on the tree that fertilized with 33% mineral-N plus 33% organic-N and 33% bio-form (three form) compared to other treatments, respectively. No significant differences on number and area of leaf as well as chlorophyll contents due to use fertilization via, 25% mineral-N plus 25% organic-N and 50% Azotin, or 25% mineral-N plus 50% organic-N and 25% bio-form Azotin compared to other fertilization application by thrice form. Also, no significant differences of these leaf traits due to fertilize via twice from at 25% mineral-N plus 75% organic-N compared to check treatment.
Leaf traits i.e. numbers and area of leaf and chlorophyll contents were significantly affected by micronutrients and potassium silicate spraying. Using fertilon compy as a micronutrients (A2 & A3) or potassium silicate spraying significantly increased the number and area of leaves and chlorophyll contents compared to spray with water (A1) during the two studied seasons.
The highest leaves number and leaf area as well as chlorophyll contents were obtained due spray fertilon compy 300 ppm (A3) or potassium silicate (A4). No significant differences in number or area of leaves and chlorophyll contents due to spray fertilon compy at any concentration or potassium silicate.
All combinations of either fertilon compy at 300 ppm (A3) or potassium silicate (A4) gave the highest values of leaf area and chlorophyll contents. In other hand, all combination of water spraying recorded the lowest values compared to other studied combinations during the two studied seasons. The maximum values of leaf area and chlorophyll contents were found in trees fertilized with thrice form combined with potassium silicate spraying during the two studied seasons.
Moreover, all combinations of potassium silicate significantly increased the leaf trait than any combined with water spray as a check treatment. As well as, all combinations of three forms fertilization with any potassium silicate or fertilon compy application significantly increased the leaf area and chlorophyll contents compared to use the mineral-N of nitrogen and spraying water.
As, a general view, it could be seen that the increment of the leaf surface expansion of trees due to the combination between either organic, bio with either fertilon compy at 300 ppm or potassium silicate was better than increment due to individual effects of either organic, bio form or slow release-N, as well as potassiomag or vinasse only.
Application of organic and bio-form were associated with significant increase in the percentage of N, P and K in leaves compared to using mineral-N fertilizer only throughout the two studied seasons.
The maximum values of these nutrients were detected on the trees that fertilized with organic plus inorganic and bio-form (three forms). No significant differences on N% were found due to using either three forms as well as 25% mineral plus 50% organic and bio-form.
Using fertilon compy as a micronutrient and potassium silicate significantly increased the percentages of N, P and K in the leaves compared to water spraying (check treatment, A1). The maximum values of N, P and K of leaves were found when trees were sprayed potassium silicate (A4). Moreover, potassium silicate spraying had significant increase in the leaf P and K percentages compared to fertilon compy application.
All combinations of fertilon compy at 300 ppm or potassium silicate vspraying significantly increased the leaf N, P and K contents compared to the other spraying combinations.
The maximum leaf N, P and K contents were recorded in the leaves of trees that fertilized by three forms (organic, bio + mineral) combined with potassium silicate spraying. On other hand, the least one was recorded in the leaves of trees fertilized by mineral N and water spraying (check treatment).
Moreover, most combinations of potassium silicate significantly increased the leaf N and K contents compared to the other combinations of fertilon compy. At the same time all combinations of three form (25% organic-N plus 33% mineral and 33% Azotin) significantly increased the leaf N, P and K contents compared to the other fertilization combinations during the two studied seasons.
As, an overview, the results cleared that combination of the three fertilizations from (organic and bio- and mineral-N) with potassium silicate was significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents increment due individual effects of three form, as well as, potassium silicate. So, it can be concluded that it is necessary for using a combination of the bio or organic of N and potassium silicate together.
Fertilizer the trees by combination of mineral-N with organic or mineral-N plus organic and bio-form (three fertilization form, B3, B4, B5) was significantly increased the yield/tree and compared with using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) via mineral-N source only (check treatment). On other hand, these fertilization treatments significantly decreased the fruit sunburn and splitting percentages compared to using N completely via mineral-N source only (check treatment).
The highest values of yield/tree was recorded on trees that fertilized with RDN via 33% organic-N plus 33% bio- and 33% mineral-N (three fertilization form, N5) compared to other fertilization treatments and RND via mineral-N fertilizer (check treatment). Whereas, the lowest values of fruit sunburn splitting percentages were found in the trees that fertilized by RDN via 33%-organic-N plus 33% mineral-N and 33% bio-form compared to other fertilization treatments.
Yield/tree, sunburn splitting percentage of fruits were significantly affected by micronutrient and potassium silicate spraying
Using fertilon compy or potassium silicate spraying significantly increased the yield/tree and significantly decreased the fruit sunburn and splitting percentages compared to water spraying (check treatment) during the two studied seasons. No significant differences were observed on these studied traits due to spray fertilon compy at 150 ppm (A2) or 300 ppm (A3).
All combinations of fertilon compy or potassium silicate spraying induce a significant increase in yield/tree and significantly decreased the fruit sunburn percentage and the fruit splitting percentage. All combinations of potassium silicate spraying gave the heaviest yield/tree and the least values of fruit sunburn and fruit splitting, hence, it gave the highest values of commercial fruit percentage compared to other studied combinations during the two studied seasons. Whereas, all combinations of water spraying gave the least values of yield/tree and the maximum values of fruit sunburn splitting percentage of fruits.
As a general view, the results cleared that using combined of organic and bio-form along with fertilon compy or potassium silicate significantly increased the yield and significantly decreased the fruit sunburn percentage and the fruit splitting percentage than increasing or decreasing effects occurred due individual effects of either bio and organic-N, as well as macronutrient or potassium silicate spraying.
Fertilize the trees by combination of mineral-N with organic, mineral-N plus organic and bio-form (three fertilization form B3, B4 & B5) were significantly increased the fruit weight as well as grain and extracted juice percentage relative to whole fruit weight compared with using the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) via mineral-N source only (check treatment). The highest fruit weight and arils percentage were found on the trees that fertilized with three form. Also, such fertilization treatment gave the highest extracted juice percentage and peel anthocyanin contents, with insignificant differences compared to 25 mineral plus 50% organic and 25% bio-form fertilization application.
Fruit weight, arils percentage and grain and juice fruit percentage to whole fruit weight, as well as peel anthocyanin contents were significantly affected by micronutrients and potassium silicate application.
Spraying fertilon compy or potassium silicate significantly increased the fruit weight, arils percentage and extracted juice percentage as well as peel anthocyanin contents compared to spray water (check treatment) during the two studied seasons. No significant differences on such studied traits due to spray fertilon compy at any used dose.
The highest values of weight, arils percentage, dimention of fruit as well as juice percentage and peel anthocyanin contents were detected were recorded on the trees that fertilized with potassium silicate spraying.
All fertilon compy and potassium silicate spraying treatments induced a significant increase in these fruit traits. All combinations of potassium silicate spraying gave the highest values of fruit weight, arils %, juice and peel anthocyanin contents compared to other studied combinations during the two studied seasons.
The maximum fruit weight, arils percentage, extract juice and peel anthocyanin contents were recorded of fruit on trees that fertilized by three form (organic, bio + mineral) combined spraying potassium silicate. On other hand, the least values were recorded in these fruit traits found of fruits on the trees that fertilized by mineral-N and water spraying (check treatments).
Moreover, all combinations of three forms (organic, bio and mineral-N) combined with any fertilon compy or potassium silicate significantly increased the physical fruit properties compared to the other fertilization combination during the two studied seasons.
As, an overview, the results showed that combination of three fertilization from (organic and bio-plus mineral-N) with micronutrient or potassium silicate significantly improved the physical fruit properties than increment due individual effects of three form, micronutrient or potassium silicate. So, it can be concluded that it is necessary of combination the bio and organic of N and macronutrient or potassium spraying together.
Therefore, it could be concluded that fertilizing the trees by three fertilization form combined with either micronutrients or potassium silicate spraying would achieve a beneficial improvement on the nutritional status in favour of improve the physical fruit properties of Manfalouty pomegranates.
Fertilizing the Manfalouty pomegranate trees with recommended dose of nitrogen (RND), via 25% mineral-N plus 75% organic (B2), 25% mineral-N plus 25 organic and 50% bio (B3), 25% mineral plus 50% organic and 25 bio-form, 50% bio-form (B3) or (B4) and three form (33% organic plus, 33% bio and 33% mineral-N, B5) was preferable in improving the chemical fruit quality than using the RND via mineral-N source (B1). Thus improvement of chemical quality parameters of fruits was occurred in terms of increasing total solids, reducing sugars, juice anthocyanin and V.C. contents and decreasing the tannins and total acidity during the two studied seasons.
The highest values of total soluble solids, reducing sugars, vitamin C contents and juice anthocyanin and least values of tannins and total titratable acid were observed due to use the mixed fertilization (mineral and organic plus bio, N5) compared to other fertilization treatments. Whereas, the least values of these traits were detected in fruits of Manfalouty pomegranate trees fertilized with mineral-N only.
Using fertilon compy (A2 & A3) or potassium silicate spraying significantly increased the total soluble solids, reducing sugar, juice anthocyanin and vitamin C contents and significantly decreased tannin and total acidity compared to spray water (check treatment A1). The maximum values of these parameters of fruits, except tannins and total acidity were recorded in the trees that were sprayed by potassium silicate. Moreover, no significant differences were found among fertilon compy at 150 ppm or 300 ppm spraying.
All combinations of micronutrients or potassium silicate application significantly increased the total soluble solids, reducing sugar, juice anthocyanin and vitamin C content and significantly decreased tannins and total acidity compared to other fertilization combinations.
The maximum values of total soluble solids, reducing sugar and vitamin C content, and least values of total acidity were recorded in fruits of the trees that fertilized by three forms (mineral, organic, bio) combined with silicate potassium application (A4B5). Whereas, the least and highest one were recorded in fruits of trees fertilized by mineral N and water spray (A1B1).
Moreover, it can be noticed that all combinations of either two form (mineral and organic) or thrice form (mineral plus organic bio) as well as all combination of micronutrients or potassium silicate were very effective in improving the chemical properties of fruits compared to other combinations. The improvement in chemical fruit quality due to the interaction between the two studied factors was early explained.
As, an overview, the results declared that the improvement occurred due to use thrice form (mineral plus organic and bio) accompanied with potassium silicate or fertilon compy as a source of micronutrients was more effective than improvement occurred due to individual effects of used either two or three form as well as micronutrients or potassium silicate.
Therefore, it can be concluded that fertilizing by three form (organic, bio plus mineral-N) combined with micronutrient or potassium silicate improved the chemical properties of fruits. Such effects are most important for fruits production and fruit maturation of pomegranate.
Conclusions
On the light of the previous results, it could be concluded that using three forms (mineral, organic plus bio-form) accompanied with micronutrients or potassium silicate improved the vegetative growth, nutritional status of trees, yield and fruit quality and reduce fruit sunburn, fruit splitting percentage consequently increased the percentage of marketable fruits, in addition, improved the soil fertility and minimized the production costs and environments pollution which caused by the excess of chemical fertilizers and industrial wastes and at the same time maintain and conserve soil and water resources for sustainability of agricultural and organic farming production.