الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Results from several scientific studies indicated that high dietary fibers diet (soluble
and insoluble fiber) improving the people biological system against developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
Regularly intake a high dietary fibers meal as the whole oat cereal in a sufficient
amount, could improve the biological system against the diabetic symptoms in the diabetic
type 2 patients. Symptoms of diabetes, as hyper serum glycemia, body insulin resistance,
serum hyperlipidemia, high blood MDA concentration and distortion of the body organs
tissue. Physically dietary fibers raises the viscosity of the diet inside the gastro intestinal
tract, this physical effect result in regulation the releasing of the nutrients from the intestine
into the blood stream, the greater of the viscosity is the greater in its effect. On other hand
this mechanism could improve the insulin sensitivity of the body cells and reducing the
reabsorption process of the liver bile secretion from the intestine into the blood stream.
Dietary fibers (DF) found mainly in the whole cereal grains as oats and also in
vegetables. Dietary fibers comprise two parts, soluble and insoluble fiber. Dietary fibers
are highly complex non-digestible carbohydrates that are not degradable in the upper gut.
Oats represent the ideal cereal as a rich natural source of dietary fibers, especially for
its high content of soluble fiber ―β-glucan‖, and for its well-balanced in its main nutrients.The aim of this study was using the chemical analysis method to assess the oats main nutrient content, using the hulless oat grains cultivated in Egypt. In addition, assess the effects of the regular oats intake as a high dietary fibers source on the biological parameters, as weight maintenance, diabetic profile, serum insulin & serum insulin resistance by
Homostatis Model (HOMA), free lipid profile and serum Malondialdehyde (MAD)
concentration, after 4 weeks feeding of diabetic type 2 male rats with oat grains.
In addition, assess the effects of its intake on the body organs (liver and pancreas),
and assess the effects of metformin as treatment in combination with the oat grains
feeding.
A total of fifty healthy male rats (120 – 150 g) were grouped randomly into five
equal groups, each group included 10 rats.
During the first 4 weeks, four groups (40 normal rats) fed on a high fat diet as an
experimental groups, while one group (10 normal rats) was left as control group, fed on
standard rodent pellets.
At the end of 4 weeks, the experimental 4 groups (40 rats) were injected
intraperitoneally (i.p.) with low dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma chemicals, USA) (50
mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.4) and kept for a week till stabilization of diabetes.
After stabilization the diabetes, the experimental 4 groups were fed for 4 weeks as
following:
group II: 10 diabetic rats were left without treatment.
group III: 10 diabetic rats were fed on oat grains.
group IV: 10 diabetic rats were fed on rodent pellet + Metformin drug (intake orally
dose of 200 mg/kg).
Summary, Conclusion & Recommendations
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group V: 10 diabetic rats were feed on oat grains + Metformin drug (intake orally
dose of 200 mg/kg).
At the end of the experimental period (8 weeks), the rats were fasted for 12 hours and
their blood was collected, and the following parameters were measured for all the five
groups (one control + 4 experimental):
1. Chemical analysis for the used oats grains, and the used rodent pellets to evaluate the
oats’ main nutrients content as well balanced nutritious diet in comparison with the
used rodent pellets, and to assess the oats dietary fibers content in comparison with the
rodent pellets, as evaluate of this difference could help in our study.
2. Rats body weight maintenance.
3. Fasting Serum glucose level.
4. Serum insulin level & serum insulin resistance by Homostatis Model Assessment
(HOMA).
5. Free lipid profile.
6. Malondialdehyde (MAD) concentration.
7. Body organs weight.
8. Histopathological examination.
6.2 Conclusions
It could be concluded from the present study that:
Chemical analysis.
With concerning of the nutritional value of the used oat grains cultivated in Egypt,
the chemical analysis showed that it is well balanced in its main nutrients, proteins, fats
and carbohydrates, and it wasn’t lower in its nutritious value than the used standard rodent
pellets. In addition the oats has high content of dietary fibers.
The biological parameters
Feeding the experimental groups of type 2 diabetic rats on oats as a basic meal (high
dietary fibers content) for 4 weeks, in comparison with the other experimental groups fed
on a rodent pellets (low dietary fibers content) caused that:
1. Decreased the body weight losing.
2. Decreased serum glucose level on fast.
3. Decreased HOMA-IR that is a measure of insulin resistance.
4. Decreased total serum cholesterol level.
5. Decreased serum LDL-Cholesterol level (bad cholesterol).
6. Decreased the serum MDA (Malondialdehyde) concentration.
7. Decreased the damage in the body organ tissues.
8. Increased serum HDL-Cholesterol level. (good cholesterol).
9. Improved the body organs (liver).
Treating with metformin (oral dose of 200 mg/kg) in combination with the oats intake
cause:
1. More increase the body weight maintenance.
Summary, Conclusion & Recommendations
2. More normalize the serum glucose level.
3. More decreased HOMA-IR that is a measure of insulin resistance.
4. More decreased total serum cholesterol level.
5. More increased serum HDL-Cholesterol level. (Good cholesterol).
6. More decreased serum LDL-Cholesterol level (Bad cholesterol).
7. More decreased the MDA (Malondialdehyde).
8. More improving the body organs (liver).
9. More improvement the body organs tissues (pancreas and liver)..
Histopathological examination
Histopathological changes of pancreatic islets were improved by oats intake in
combination with the metformin treatment, resulted in the increasing the number of
pancreatic β- cells, and improving its function. The experimental groups fed on oats in
combination with metformin treatment showed the lowest pathological deformation.
In the present study, the histopathological investigation showed the experimental
groups fed on oats were nearly normal in its pancreatic tissue architecture and in number of
the β-cell in Langerhans islets, that in comparison with the other experimental groups.
On other hand the histopathological investigation showed also the experimental
groups fed on oats appeared more normal in shape (polygonal) and size, with well-defined
cytoplasm and distinct cells margins (cell membranes). The nuclei appeared spherical,
central in position, while the Nuclear membranes of the envelope appeared distinct and
normal, and the sinusoids appeared normal.
6.3 Recommendations from the results of this study, the following can be recommended
1. Recommended that the oat products sold in the local market should be labeled clearing
its oats content ratio.
2. Encourage using the whole oat grains in the popular food products (as bread, oat rolls,
oatmeal, oat flakes, oat granola, bakery products and oat milk).
3. Mass media should be used for promotion the intake of the rich dietary fibers sources as
whole oat grains. The audience should be directed to replace the white flour products in
their meal with the whole oats ones. The nutritional measures should aim to evaluate the
dietary fibers content of the meal.
4. Spend more efforts to increase the cultivated area of oats in Egypt to lower its prices in
the local market, to encourage its consumption especially by the diabetes type 2 susceptible
persons.
5. In addition, as this study showed the positive impact of oats on diabetic rats. It is
recommended to increase the dietary fibers content in the meal of the susceptible diabetic
persons.
6. Oats contain considerable amount of lipases, which are capable of acting under low
moisture condition. It is recommended to develop convenient methods to treat the oat
grains and its products to control these lipases and avoid the rancidity and its short storage
life.
7. The intake of oats as a rich dietary fibers meal had an evident effect on the diabetic
animals health. It is recommended to investigate the effect of other dietary fibers sources
available in the market, and evaluate its effect of long term intake