الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background: Parental presence/absence in the dental operatory (also called: Parent-in–parent-out technique) is an extremely controversial aspect of the non-pharmacological behavior management techniques (BMTs).Aim: To assess modified parental presence as a behavior management technique (BMT) in a certain age group of children and Evaluate the attitude of parents toward this (BMT).Material and Methods: Sixty uncooperative children (score 1 or 2 according to Frankel Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS)), their age ranged from 3-4years , coming for their first dental visit and indicated for single visit dental treatment were selected from the Pediatric Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University. The parent was seated near the child without disrupting the interaction between the dentist and the child. If the child continued to be non-cooperative, the parent was asked to stand behind the transparent wall in the vision level of the child. This was repeated until an acceptable behavior was obtained and the child was able to communicate and cooperate. Children’s behavior was evaluated through (FBRS) and Facial Anxiety Scale (FAS). The parent was asked about his/her opinion toward this (BMT) before any dental treatment and at the end of the dental visit. Data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed.Results: Regarding (FBRS) in comparison of children`s behavior before and after parent in /out technique during examination, L.A and during cavity preparation, there was statistically significant difference )p≤0.001( which means that behavior of the children improved after application of the technique in all stages. The children`s behavior showed the best improvement during cavity preparation after application of parent in /out technique. Regarding (FAS) the result confirmed that this technique remodels the child`s behavior and decrease his anxiety and fear and it turned the behavior into cooperativeness at the end of the dental visit. However, this technique had the lowest effect on the child anxiety during L.A stage as it has the highest mean value (3.23) which means that this technique is not effective enough during L.A stage on deceasing child anxiety .The results also showed that 75% of the parents prefer this technique more than complete separation. 65% of parent`s attitude toward this technique at the end of the dental visit was good .Conclusions: Parent in/ out technique remodeled the child behavior and decreased its anxiety and fear and it turned his behavior into cooperativeness in all stage. Parents accept this technique and prefer it more than complete separation.