الفهرس 
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Abstract
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints. It is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system misidentifies the joint lining as foreign material, thus attacking and damaging it, resulting in synovitis and destruction of the articular cartilage and bones. It is worth noting that the drugs used for the treatment of this disease are associated with the occurrence of some side effects as a result of long-term use at high doses. As a result, scientists have focused on finding biologically active natural components with medical, preventive, and curative properties that can be used safely for the treatment of this disease while overcoming and reducing the side effects.
The main goal of this study was to examine and compare the therapeutic effect of clove and ginger oils as anti-inflammatory and antioxidants, as well as the analgesic effect on CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats through different clinical, molecular, and biochemical measurements, as well as blood measurements. These findings were confirmed by X-ray radiological evaluation of the hind paw as well as histopathological changes of the interphalangeal and ankle joints in CFA rats.
The first phase of this study was the determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity indicated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and the results revealed that ginger oil was found to contain a higher concentration of bioactive components and higher DPPH scavenging activity followed by clove oil. The biological trial showed that administration of clove and ginger oils (250 mg/kg/day) markedly exhibited an anti-arthritic activity by improving all clinical symptoms associated with this disease such as inhibiting the paw edema, reducing the arthritis scores, and increasing the duration sense of pain as compared to untreated CFA rats. Moreover, clove and ginger oils downregulated gene expressions of nuclear factor-κB. Our results illustrated that ginger oil was the most effective in reducing NF-κB gene expression by 74% and that correlated with decreased serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers; IL-1β, IL‑6, TNF-α, TGF–β, and CRP by 47.4%, 61%, 52%, 44.6%, and 63%, respectively with increased the serum level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine; IL-10 by 91.6% compared with the group of untreated CFA-rats. Furthermore, there was a substantial decline in paw tissue levels of TNF-α, MMP-3, and PGE-2 by 53%, 56.5%, and 42%, respectively, compared to untreated CFA rats. Results of inflammatory biomarkers were confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α and COX-2. In addition, the antioxidant effects followed the same direction and were apparent through significant increments in GSH and TAC levels. This also resulted in a decrement in rheumatoid factor levels and an improvement in blood measurements in all the tested treatments, however ginger oil was the most effective treatment. The findings of this study were also confirmed by a significant improvement in the radiological assessment of the hind paw and microscopic examination of the interphalangeal and ankle joints in all treated groups, however, ginger oil (G5) was the most effective treatment.