الفهرس 
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Abstract
The mobile phone, one of the fastest growing technological developments, has become popular and necessary in modern life. The widespread use of mobile phone in recent years has raised the research activities in many countries to determine the effect of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cellular phone waves on male genital functions through microscopic and biochemical studies of the testes and penis of adult Wistar albino rat The included rats in this study have an average body weight of 200±10 g and aged 80 to 90 days. Wistar albino rats are randomly divided into three groups according to mobile electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure and its duration. ➢ group I (control animals) included 10 animals living in an area characterized by absence of nearby source of EMR. ➢ group II composed of 20 rats constantly exposed to EMR for 3 months ➢ group III rats exposed to EMR (20 animals) for 6 months. All rats of group II and III were exposed to 900 MHz continuous RF/MW fields for 1 hour daily, 7 days/week. At the end of 3 and 6 months from the start experiment, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine HCl, administered intraperitoneally, before sacrificing, the blood from aorta was collected in plastic tubes for biochemical assays and determination of testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin levels. Histopathological examination was performed for the testes and penis of rats. Testes were processed for the following 1- Light microscopic examination after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) staining . 2-Transmission Electron microscopic examination Penis was processed for the following 1- Light microscopic examination after staining with a) hematoxylin and eosin staining b) Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) staining c) immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth Factor, Alpha smooth muscle actin 2- Transmission Electron microscopic examination and scanning The results of this study were recorded and could be summarized as follows: 1) I-Hormonal Assay Testosterone, FSH, LH and Prolactin hormones were measured in the 3 groups. a) FSH, LH and Prolactin hormones: The present study showed statistically insignificant difference in group II and III compared to group I. b) Testosterone hormone: The present study showed statistically significant decrease in group II, and more decrease in group III compared to group I. 2) Light Microscopic results A- Testes 1- Hematoxylin & Eosin group I: (Control group) The control rats showed the well-known histological picture of formal testes. group II Revealed marked degenerative changes in different seminiferous tubules, which were seen widely separated from each other with focal separation of basement membrane from the overlying germinal epithelium. The widely separated seminiferous tubules with their lining spermatogenic cells exhibited focal disjoining of these cells in some areas. Many seminiferous tubules devoid of sperms and lined by disconnected spermatogenic cells and cellular detachment were also observed. group III Rat testis revealed loss of architecture, disrupted, dilated seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenic cells of other tubules were disorganized, widely separated necrotic or completely depleted. 2- Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) Staining of the testes Testicular sections of the experimental groups stained with Verhoeff- Van Gieson (VVG) Stain demonstrated thin red collagen fibers in the interstitial tissues in between the seminiferous tubules without any differences between the studied groups I, II and III. B-Penis 1- Hematoxylin & Eosin - stained sections of the penis The three groups showed similar histological picture of normal penis. Penis shaft of group II rats showed diverse microscopic features like those of control group on one side and congested blood vessels on the other side. Penis shaft of group III displayed congested blood vessels in dermis and in connective tissue surrounding penile corpora in addition to white adipose tissue (fat cells) in the pericorporal connective tissue and increase in collagen fibers 2- Verhoeff Van Geison staining of mid shaft penis. Control group: Showed red collagen fibers in the tunica albuginea and in the intracavernosal septa emitted from them. Tunica albuginea of penis, is composed mainly of collagen bundles arranged in outer longitudinal and inner circular layers. Erectile tissue also showed collagen fibers. Scanty elastic fibers arranged transversely and longitudinally in the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum. group II Corpus cavernosum of penis of group II shows tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum in association with interwoven collagen fibers septa arising from it. Vascular sinuses are surrounded by smooth muscle fibers attached to the nearby collagen bundles, corpus spongiosum shows its tunica albuginea with its red interwoven prominent collagen bundles. Erectile tissues contain thin strands of collagen fiber and enclose vascular sinuses lined by endothelium. group III Corpus cavernosum shows disorganized collagen fibers with fragmented septa arising from tunica albuginea in addition to few smooth muscle fiber with abundant interlacing collagen fiber surrounding congested blood vessels. 3- Immunohistochemical staining A) Vascular endothelial growth factor: Immuno stained sections of the experimental groups (I, II, III) there were no specific immunoreaction difference between the three groups B) Alpha smooth muscle actin Immuno stained sections of groups (I,II,III) showed brown positive immune reaction in smooth muscle cells of the erectile tissue and of the blood vessels present in the erectile tissue of penis of control group . group II showed decrease in the immunoreaction of smooth muscle cells of erectile tissue. group III revealed negative immune reaction and Helicine blood vessels were seen positive for Alpha smooth muscle actin. II –Electron microscopic results of both testis and penis A-Testis group I :( control group) Ultra-thin section of control group displayed nearly normal ultrastructural features of seminiferous tubules including their lining of Sertoli cell and spermatogenic cells. group II, III An electron micrographs of testis of these groups revealed vacuolated seminiferous tubules. Their spermatogenic cells were separated, distorted and having irregular profile. B- PENIS 1- Transmission Electron microscopic examination of penis group I :( control group) Control group showed blood capillary with its lining endothelium surrounded by pericytes. The nearby erectile tissue was seen surrounding vascular space with prominent smooth muscle fibers. group II, III An electron micrograph of an ultra-thin section of penis showing blood capillary with its lining endothelium. The nearby erectile tissue is seen surrounding vascular space containing smooth muscle fibers. 2-Scanning electron microscopic examination of penis group I (Control group) Scanning electron microscopic examination of control group confirmed the light microscopic results with special reference to the organization and assembly of collagen and elastic fibers in its corpora. Thick anastomosing trabeculae originating from Tunica albuginea were directed to the center of each corpora. Each trabecula is formed of long or short undulating collagen bundles containing many collagen fibers and fibrils. Thin branching elastic fibers are seen cross linking the trabeculae and their bundles and traversing to cavernous sinuses. group II and III Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed the same features like those of control group except for few localized areas displaying fenestrated erectile tissue and vascular space devoid of cells, collagen and elastic fibers. Also disassembly and splitting of collagen bundle into fibers and fibrils were seen.