الفهرس 
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Abstract
Non-healing wounds are a significant consequence of diabetes that is linked with extremely delayed wound closure and a high likelihood of infection, culminating in amputation or loss of limbs, expensive health-care costs, and a poor quality of life for the patient. Traditional wound healing therapies have been studied experimentally and therapeutically, and various studies provide a wealth of information regarding the significance of traditional therapies in treating the underlying causes of non-healing wounds.
Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural proteinaceous byproduct of the food industry that can be used in biomedical applications. Furthermore, seaweeds contain bioactive compounds that can prevent tissue damage and promote wound healing. The objective of this study is to evaluate a new mixture powder of AESP and abundant green seaweed (Ulva-lactuca) leaves for wound healing progression in experimental wound-bearing diabetic-induced albino rats.
This study comprised total of 25 adult male albino rats weighing between 250-350 g which were maintained under controlled temperature of 22 ± 2 °C. Animals first take single intra-peritoneal dose of Alloxan monohydrate in 0.9% normal saline (150 mg/kg body weight) for the induction of diabetes. After confirming of FBG levels in between (200 – 260 mg dl-1), The diabetic rats were anesthetized with Isoflurane and then skin incision (about 15 to 23 mm long and skin thickness deep) were open on the back of each rat after shaving it under aseptic conditions.
Diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups in each 5 rats:
• group Ⅰ: Untreated diabetic wound (Negative control)
• group Ⅱ: diabetic wound treated with Dermazin cream (Positive control)
• group Ⅲ: diabetic wound treated with ESM powder
• group Ⅳ: diabetic wound treated with Ulva-lactuca powder
• group Ⅴ: diabetic wound treated with the Mixture After 21 days, Five samples from the cutaneous tissues were collected from groups (one for each group) and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for histological analysis by (H&E) staining. Scanning electron microscope used to investigate the surface topography. Compressive strenght experiments were performed using compressive test machine to find out the flexibility range of the ESM and the mixture on wounded skin. Dielectric properties of samples were measured using LCR Meter. Statistical analysis was employed using one way ANOVA.
Results obtained during the present study were summarized as follows: 1. Scanning Electron Microscope: • SEM image study of ESM was shown calcium carbonate also monocarboaluminate is visible, which is a crystalline structure. Besides, the porosity structure of ESMP. • SEM image study for mixed combination explains highly homogeneous structure. Also, this combination has porous shape, and the pores are interconnected. Another remarkable feature of this mixture is its roughness, which is attributable to the presence of ESP particles.
2. Mechanical Measurements (Compressive Strength): Compressive strength test for both ESM and the Mixture shows flexibility and elasticity range. Also, according to the mean value of Young’s modulus was calculated to be 0.439 on ESM and 0.272 on the Mixture. Thus, the mixture is more elastic than ESM that is due to the beneficial effect of U-lactuca powder, which is in turn results in improved pore structure of the composite.
3. Electrical Measurement (Dielectric properties): Dielectric constant of each of ESM and the Mixture samples exhibits decrease in values with increasing frequency. Also, the Mixture is relatively higher in dielectric constant than ESM. This is due to the addition of U-Lactuca.
4. Analysis of Wound Healing by Group:
• group I (Negative control) showed significant decrease of wound area after 21 days in comparison with the initial wound size.
• group Ⅱ (Positive control) showed a significant gradual decrease of wound sized from day 1 to day 21.
• group Ⅲ (diabetic wound treated with ESM ), the peak shows a significant gradual decrease from day 1 to day 21, which represent the best result for wound closure after 21 days compared to control group and the positive control.
• group Ⅳ (diabetic wound treated with U.lactuca), the peak shows a significant slightly decrease from day 1 to day 14 then it decreases at a relatively rapid rate until it reaches day 21 compared to Negative and the positive control.
• group Ⅴ (diabetic wound treated with the Mixture) showed significant slow decrease until day 7 then significant gradual decrease to day 21 after wounding compared to Negative and the positive control. 5. Analysis of Wound Healing by Time:
The statistical comparison among the five studied groups according to wound area at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days are presented in this section.
• In baseline of wounding, it is clear that there is not any significant difference between control groups and the other groups.
• After 3 days of wounding and treatment, we can deduce that the levels of wound size treated with ESM are relatively decreased than any other treated groups with respect to Negative and Positive control.
• After 7 days of wound and treatment, we can deduce that, the levels of wound size treated with ESM is more decreased than other treated groups with respect to Negative and Positive control.
• After 14 days of wound and treatment, we can deduce that, the levels of wound size treated with ESM, U-lactuca and Mixture decreased with respect to Negative control, but the levels of wound size treated with ESM only decreased with respect to Positive Control.
• After 21 days of wound and treatment, we can deduce that, after 21 days, the levels of wound size treated with ESM, U-lactuca and Mixture decreased with respect to Negative control, but the levels of wound size treated with ESM only decreased with respect to Positive Control.
6. Histological Evaluation:
• For diabetic wound treated with ESM, The dermis shows deposition of thin strand collagen bundles. Skin adnexa including hair shafts and sebaceous glands are within normal histological features. No inflammatory or filtrate is detected.
• For diabetic wound treated with U-lactuca shows intact thin keratinized epidermis focal ulceration of the lining epithelial. The dermis shows deposition of haphazardly arranged thicker collagen bundles. • For diabetic wound treated with the mixture shows marked edematous changes in dermis also deposition of haphazardly arranges collagen bun cells.