الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
In Egypt the shortage of fodder resources is one of the main obstacles to development of animal production. Non-traditional plants allows the use of non-traditional fodder to reduce the deficit in animal feeds. Opuntia cacti plants Nefzaoui et.al. (2014) are some of the best plants for the revegetation of arid and semi-arid areas because they are tolerant of scarce and erratic rainfall and high temperatures. The reasons behind the inclusion of cacti include simple cultivation practices required to grow the crop. Its quick establishment soon after the introduction in a new area ability to grow in harsh conditions characterized by high temperature, lack of water and poor soil. In addition, O. ficus-indica is a tropical and subtropical non-tradional herbaceous fodder plants which belong to family cactaceae and a native to middle America. It contains cladodes 12% protein, 25% fat, 50% carbohydrate and 13% fiber also contains nutrients to prevent water loss. It can be cultivated in the dry land and the use of modern panels as fresh food or cooked for humans Gajender et.al. (2014).
Conocarpus lancifolius tree non-traditional fodder source follows family Combretaceae, native of north America has the advantage of being sustainable, evergreen, many branches and may be up to twenty meters. Soft branches are used for animal feed especially for goats and camels Nelson (1996). Acacia saligna, Atriplex nummularia and Adhatoda vasica shrubs of non-traditional fodder sources previous studies have shown that the contribution of saligna to livestock nutrition is important in the marginal lands of arid and semi-arid regions El-Waziry et.al. (2018). Also, atriplex grows well in deep soils with only 150-200mm of rainfall annually resists temperatures as low as 10 °C and as high as 50 °C Muthik et.al. (2018), while adhatoda belong to family Acanthaceae is a small-evergreen shrub found many regions of the world Gangwar and Ghosh (2014). Fodder trees/shrubs may in addition, be grown in an intercropping pattern with herbaceous forage crops. This is follow to maximize nutritional yield value and to minimize soil erosion. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) was alley cropped in hedgerows with maize on N-deficient sandy soil in southern; Nigeria according to Kang et.al. (1981). Also, L. leucocephala foliage mulch rates and its hedgerows effects on maize yield were evaluated over a 4Yr. period in a sandy soil in Kenya Mureithi et.al. (1994). Its hedgerows impact were tested on maize yield in loamy sandy soil in southern Egypt Ebeid et.al. (2011). However, despite the potentials of alley cropping, these are relatively less comparable to these of multi-canopy vegetation patterns. These patterns comprise over-story trees, mid-story shrubs and annual/perennial ground cover forage crops grown in-between alleys of these trees and shrubs rows. Such patterns are more likely to main, to some extent, fodder yield over extended periods, stabilize net return income and sustain an ecosystem with its grown plant species. The concept of ‘ multi-functionality’ has been recently adopted, in which multiple ecosystems need ne considered as a management tool of fodder sources.