الفهرس 
Title : Effect of different squatting exercises on primary dysmenorrhea
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Abstract
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is considered as one of the most common complaints among adolescent females that involves a broad spectrum of both physical and emotional manifestations. Purpose of the study: Determine the effect of {u200E}different squatting exercises on menstrual aspects, pelvic inclination angle and circulation in females with primary dysmenorrhea. :Participants{u200E} Eighty females selected among physical therapy students at Cairo University were assigned into four equal groups. Their age ranged from (19-25) years and body mass index (BMI) ranged from 19-29 kg/m2. They performed 20 minutes of four yoga positions (cobra, cow-cat, fish and legs up the wall) for 6 days/ week for 2 consecutive menstrual cycles in group (A), beside 30 minutes, 3 times/ week of; modified wall squat in group (B), sumo squat in group (C) and deep squat in group (D). Outcome measures: including; menstrual pain intensity, menstrual distress and pelvic inclination angle were evaluated at baseline in the first day of menstruation and at the first day of the next two menstrual cycles after intervention, while assessment of resistivity index (RI) & pulsatility index (PI) was done at baseline in the first day of menstruation and at the first day of second menstrual cycle after the intervention. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in pain intensity, a significant difference (p< 0.05) in pain subscale scores, a significant difference (p< 0.05) in water retention subscale scores and a significant difference (p< 0.05) in menstrual distress questionnaire total scores, in favor of groups (B & C) than group (A) and in favor of group (C) than group (D), in favor of the groups (B, C & D) than group (A), in favor of group (D) than group (A), and in favor of both groups (C &D) than group (A) respectively