الفهرس 
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Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder resulted from insulin resistance with insulin insufficiency or from insulin secretary defect.
There is a close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes. The likelihood and severity of type 2 diabetes are closely linked with body mass index (BMI). There is a seven times greater risk of diabetes in obese people compared to those of healthy weight, with a threefold increase in risk for overweight people.
Obesity is the leading risk factor for T2DM, and the risk of T2DM increases with increasing weight classes. Together, obesity and T2DM are risk factors for numerous comorbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal disorders, osteoarthritis, and chronic kidney disease. 80% of people with T2DM are obese or overweight. Both obesity and T2DM are associated with insulin resistance.
The studies of T2DM indicate the importance of both genetics and environmental triggers such as lifestyle and obesity as risk factors for occurrence of T2DM.
Obesity is a major cause for many diseases, such as cardiac diseases, cancer and diabetes. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) revealed that the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) which is located in chromosome 16q12.2 play a major role in the development of obesity.
Many GWAS in T2DM revealed that (FTO) gene also play an important role in the development of insulin resistance and T2DM through its effects on obesity and body mass index (BMI).
The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of the FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) in type 2 diabetes in obese people. The link between this gene and insulin resistance was also investigated.
The present study was conducted at the Clinical pathology and Internal medicine departments of Menoufia University Hospitals from February 2018 to February 2020 on 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from inpatient and outpatient’s clinics of Internal medicine department and 40 apparently healthy subjects serving as control groups, age and gender matched with patients groups.
Subjects under study were classified into the following groups:
A. Control Groups:
It included 40 apparently healthy individuals, age and gender matched with patients groups. Subdivided into two groups:
1) group I: (Non-diabetic non-obese):
It included 20 controls non diabetic with BMI < 30 kg/m²
2) group II: (Non-diabetic obese):
It included 20 controls non diabetic with BMI > 30 kg/m²
B. Patients Groups :
This group included 50 patients with type 2 DM under medical control Subdivided into: 3) group III: (Diabetic non-obese):
It included 25 patients with type 2 diabetes with BMI < 30 kg/m².
4) group IV: (Diabetic obese):
It included 25 patients with type 2 diabetes with BMI > 30 kg/m².