الفهرس 
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Abstract
Most postoperative ICU admissions are made by patients who have high risk surgeries. Finding high-risk patients who may experience complications after surgery and who could benefit from ICU monitoring and early intervention to prevent complications like acute kidney injury (AKI), which is frequently seen in the postoperative period and linked to high rates of mortality and morbidity, is one of the most difficult problems.
The management of perioperative anaesthesia includes fluid therapy in significant measure. Due to the numerous fluid shifts brought on by surgical losses, third spacing, and preoperative fasting deficiencies, it is vital to maintain homeostasis of physiological fluids through volume and the composition of intravenous (IV) fluids during this time. Postoperative morbidity and mortality are both elevated in both hypovolemia and hypervolemia.
The term ”AKI” refers to the full range of what is known as ”acute kidney injury,” which is defined as ”the abrupt reduction in renal function, in hours or days, in which acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or urinary volume, in addition to the loss of basic functions.” For example, ”ARF” refers to the inability to maintain the hydro-electrolyte and basic acid balance until
The development of the diagnosis and treatment of patients having AKI is hampered by the lack of sensitive and precise markers for early AKI identification, and it has a negative impact on the planning and results of clinical studies.
Many new human biomarkers have been identified in recent years to identify kidney damage and have demonstrated to precede and/or complement serum creatinine in the diagnosis of AKI.
Cystatin C research have indicated that it’s an independent predictor of acute kidney injury severity and duration as well as length of stay in the hospital.
With the recent advances in ultrasound technology, sonographic evaluation of the kidneys has greatly improved and has now become the primary imaging modality for evaluating renal diseases.
Ultrasound is a cheap and easily accessible modality for screening of patients with renal dysfunction besides being radiation free.