الفهرس 
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. The most common ocular manifestation responsible for the visual impairment in MS patients is optic neuritis (ON), which is thought to occur as a result of a demyelination process leading to axonal degeneration in the optic nerve1. Immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS2. Additionally, a possible involvement of vascular factors has been suggested to cause vascular dysregulation in MS patients during the course of the disease3,4,5. Taking this fact into account, the possible alterations in the hemodynamics of the orbital vessels in MS patients have been of particular interest and were evaluated in several studies by measuring blood flow velocities with color Doppler imaging. These studies demonstrated a significant reduction in blood flow parameters and impaired retrobulbar hemodynamics, especially in the posterior ciliary arteries of MS patients3,4,6.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. The most common ocular manifestation responsible for the visual impairment in MS patients is optic neuritis (ON), which is thought to occur as a result of a demyelination process leading to axonal degeneration in the optic nerve1. Immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS2. Additionally, a possible involvement of vascular factors has been suggested to cause vascular dysregulation in MS patients during the course of the disease3,4,5. Taking this fact into account, the possible alterations in the hemodynamics of the orbital vessels in MS patients have been of particular interest and were evaluated in several studies by measuring blood flow velocities with color Doppler imaging. These studies demonstrated a significant reduction in blood flow parameters and impaired retrobulbar hemodynamics, especially in the posterior ciliary arteries of MS patients3,4,6.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. The most common ocular manifestation responsible for the visual impairment in MS patients is optic neuritis (ON), which is thought to occur as a result of a demyelination process leading to axonal degeneration in the optic nerve1. Immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS2. Additionally, a possible involvement of vascular factors has been suggested to cause vascular dysregulation in MS patients during the course of the disease3,4,5. Taking this fact into account, the possible alterations in the hemodynamics of the orbital vessels in MS patients have been of particular interest and were evaluated in several studies by measuring blood flow velocities with color Doppler imaging. These studies demonstrated a significant reduction in blood flow parameters and impaired retrobulbar hemodynamics, especially in the posterior ciliary arteries of MS patients3,4,6.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. The most common ocular manifestation responsible for the visual impairment in MS patients is optic neuritis (ON), which is thought to occur as a result of a demyelination process leading to axonal degeneration in the optic nerve1. Immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination plays a key role in the pathogenesis of MS2. Additionally, a possible involvement of vascular factors has been suggested to cause vascular dysregulation in MS patients during the course of the disease3,4,5. Taking this fact into account, the possible alterations in the hemodynamics of the orbital vessels in MS patients have been of particular interest and were evaluated in several studies by measuring blood flow velocities with color Doppler imaging. These studies demonstrated a significant reduction in blood flow parameters and impaired retrobulbar hemodynamics, especially in the posterior ciliary arteries of MS patients3,4,6.