الفهرس 
Diabetic macular edemaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Macular edema results from abnormal accumulation of fluid in the central retina and indicates compromised function in one or both of the blood–retinal barriers. It is a common sequel of many ocular conditions and the main cause of visual loss in diabetic retinopathy. It affects approximately 7% of all patients with diabetes.
Although stereophotography was previously considered the gold standard for identifying macular edema, it has recently been supplanted by optical coherence tomography (OCT) as the preferred method for quantifying and monitoring macular edema in diabetic eyes, both in clinical trials and clinical practice. Optical coherence tomography has also proven more sensitive for the detection of mild DME, although it remains unclear whether treatment is indicated in such cases.
In fact, OCT presents various morphologic characteristics in DME, such as subretinal fluid (SRF) and intraretinal cystoid, in addition to CMT. The pathophysiology of these morphologic characteristics is quite different. Previous studies classified DME into different types, diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME), and serous retinal detachment (SRD), according to their morphological characteristics on OCT.
However, DME often presents as combinations of multiple types such that clear classification is difficult in some cases. In addition to retinal thickness parameters, other OCT signs, such as the presence of HRF and the discontinuous EZ, also indicate the severity of the disease and retina damage.