الفهرس 
Ultrasound versus fluoroscopy in spinal pain interventions / |cAhmed Abdalhamid Abdalazem
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Abstract
Spinal pain in the lumbar region (lower back) and cervical {u200E}region (neck) are highly prevalent and are often the causes for many {u200E}lost work days. Lumbar muscle strains and sprains are the most {u200E}common causes of low back pain. The thoracic spine can also be a {u200E}site of spinal pain, but because it is much more rigid, the thoracic {u200E}spinal area is much less frequently injured than the lumbar and {u200E}cervical spine (Amirdelfan et al., 2014).{u200E} Disc herniation is displacement of disc material like nucleus {u200E}pulposus, parts of the annulus fibrosus and cartilage, beyond the {u200E}limits of the intervertebral disc space (Taşkan, 2012).{u200E} Symptoms vary greatly depending on the position of the {u200E}herniated disc and the size of the herniation. If the herniated disc is {u200E}not pressing on a nerve, the patient might experience spinal pain {u200E}{u200E}(cervical, lumbar and/ or thoracic) or no pain at all. If there is {u200E}pressure on a nerve, there can be pain, numbness or weakness in the {u200E}area of the body to which the nerve travels. Typically, a herniated {u200E}disc is preceded by an episode of spinal pain (cervical, lumbar {u200E}and/or thoracic) or a long history of intermittent episodes of spinal {u200E}pain (Peng et al., 2019).{u200E} Facet joint syndrome is an arthritis-like condition of the spine {u200E}that can be a significant source of back and neck pain. It is caused by {u200E}degenerative changes to the joints between the spine bones. The {u200E}cartilage inside the facet joint can break down and become inflamed, {u200E}triggering pain signals in nearby nerve endings (Datta et al., 2009).{u200E}