الفهرس 
AcknowledgementsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 95 |  |  |
| | | from | 95 | | |
Abstract
The important milestones in the history of percutaneous renal surgery include the description of Goodwin of percutaneous nephrostomy in 1955 (1) placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PNT) is an effective method of temporary or permanent supravesical urinary drainage. Subsequently, the safety and efficacy of this procedure have been established using a variety of different imaging modalities including various combinations of CT, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound. The scope of PCN catheter placement has been expanded, and currently, non-emergent clinical scenarios include relieving urinary obstructions, diverting urine from a collecting system or ureteral leak, and accessing the collecting system for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are more than emergent indications access to the PCS can be done by using fluoroscopy, US, or a combination of both techniques. The best tract to be approached is the direct path, which is from the skin through the papilla of the desired calyx and renal pelvis. This approach can be performed by using either the fluoroscope or US. However, of the advantages of using the US is guiding the puncture needle to the posterior calyx without any considerable complications. The US is also the preferred option for those patients for whom cystoscopy and/or ureteric catheterization are impossible. It is also a good option for pregnant women who are scheduled for PCNL In our study, a comparison between US and fluoroscopy had been done to know the differences between two modalities and the best one in guidance of PCN placementA 100-case have been enrolled randomly divided into two groups 50-patients in each groupPatients of each group were selected by non-significant changes in pre-operative data The study result in The US does not need a spinal needle or dye. Us has no radiation effect. ultrasonographic group show average time 9.2 min but fluoroscopic group show average time 12.1 min which is significant so ultrasound is not time-consuming as fluoroscopy.