الفهرس 
Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to meet the circulatory demands of the body leading to many symptoms including dyspnea and fatigue. HF can arise from a host of conditions involving the myocardium or heart valves. HF occurs in about equal frequency with and without a reduced ventricular ejection fraction (EF). Despite its high prevalence, the diagnosis of HF remains difficult as none of the signs and symptoms are specific or particularly sensitive. Due to this, history and physical examination may not be sufficient to reach the diagnosis. Diagnostic aids in the form of blood-based biomarkers have been sought. Much research for the past decade has examined numerous possible biomarkers. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates mineral metabolism by promoting phosphaturia and decreasing renal production of calcitriol. Dietary phosphate loading increases FGF23 levels, whereas dietary phosphate restriction has the opposite effect. Fibroblast growth factor23 (FGF23) has evolved into one of the most intensively studied proteins, implicated in the nexus between cardiovascular disease(CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Prospective studies have shown that higher FGF23 concentrations are associated with higher risk of incident CVD events independently of established risk factors, particularly in CKD Moreover, this association has been most consistently observed for CVD events linked to heart failure.