الفهرس 
Multiple MyelomaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM), associated with end-organ damage such as kidney failure, lytic bone lesion, anemia, and immunodeficiency ( Raab et al.,2009).
One of the major challenges in the treatment of MM patients is relapse due to drug resistance. The interaction of MM cells with the BM microenvironment containing BM stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins contribute to their proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and drug resistance ( Hazlehurst et al.,2000, Hazlehurst et al.,200i, Shain et al.,2009, Zheng et al.,2013 and Kim et al.,2012 ).
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), one of the most prominent elements of cancer-related inflammation in tumor tissues, are M2-type macrophages, and characterized with low interleukin (IL)-2 and high IL-10 expression. Unlike the macrophages with M1-like phenotype, TAMs has important implications in angiogenesis and tissue remodeling and has low tumoricidal activity ( Mantovani and Sica, 2010, Mantovani,2011, Allavena et al.,2008 and Biswas and Mantovani,2010).
Micro vascular density (MVD) is an indicator of angiogenesis and is increased in active MM patients as compared with smoldering MM and MGUS ( Jakob et al.,2006 and Vacca and Ribatti,2006).
Tumor associated macrophages evaluated by staining with anti-CD163 and anti CD68 monoclonal antibodies, and MVD evaluated by factor VIII staining.
Some studies proved that increased TAM and MVD is associated with poor prognosis( Vacca and Ribatti,2006, Andjelic et al.,2012, Rajkumar et al.,2000).